Full text of "The second International Exhibition of Eugenics held September 22 to October 22, 1921 : in connection with the Second International Congress of Eugenics in the American Museum of Natural History, New York : an account of the organization of the exhibition, the classification of the exhibits, the list of exhibitors, and a catalog and description of the exhibits"

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NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE

SURGEON GENERAL’S OFFICE

LIBRARY.

No. 113,
W.D.S. G. O.

No. .

pR°aT\OHA^

RETURN TO

NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE
BEFORE LAST DATE SHOWN

Fig. 1. General View of Exhibition Hall (First Floor)

T he Second International
Exhibition of Eugenics

HELD SEPTEMBER 22 TO OCTOBER 22, 1921,
IN CONNECTION WITH THE

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EUGENICS

IN THE

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK

An account of the organization of the exhibition, the classification of the exhibits,
the list of exhibitors, and a catalog and description of the exhibits

HARRY H. LAUGHLIN

Chairman of the Cowimittee on Exhibits

FORTY-SEVEN ILLUSTRATIONS

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WILLIAMS & WILKINS COMPANY
Made in United States of America

Composed and printed at the
WAVERLY PRESS

BY THE

Williams & Wilkins Company
Baltimore, Md., U. S. A.

Committee on Exhibits:

Harry H. Laughlin, Chairman
Clark Wissler
Laurence V. Coleman

PREFACE

During the sessions of the Eugenics Exhibition, many exhibitors and
visitors expressed a desire to possess, for their respective libraries, perma¬
nent photographic and descriptive records of the material on display and
under demonstration. In response to this demand, the Committee on
Exhibits before dismantling the exhibition late in October, 1921, photo¬
graphed all of the exhibits which could be reproduced suitably in this
manner. It prepared also a history and statistical account of the exhibition,
and made for preservation in permanent form, a careful description of the
material shown by each of the 131 exhibitors.

It is trusted that the printing of the account and description of the ex¬
hibition, in systematic form, under one cover, will serve a useful purpose,
not only to the exhibitors and the persons who are now interested in the
matter, but also that it will serve an historic purpose in presenting
graphically a cross-section view of eugenical science at the time of the Second
Congress, and thus complement the technical papers which were presented
to the Congress, and which are printed in two volumes bearing respectively
the titles, Volume I, “Eugenics, Genetics, and The Family,” Volume II,
“Eugenics in Race and State.”

It is hoped also that this compilation will be of use to the Exhibition
Committee of the Third Congress, which can build upon this work in the
same manner as the present Committee built upon the work of the Com¬
mittee on Exhibits of the First Eugenics Congress, which first committee
published its account under the title, “Catalog of Exhibits, First Inter¬
national Congress, London, July 24-July 30, 1912, University of London,
South Kensington.”

Cold Spring Harbor, L. I., N. Y.
November 1, 1922.

CONTENTS

List of Illustrations . 9

Section One : Anthropology and Archaeology. Hall of the Age of Man. Fourth

Floor . 13

Section Two: Eugenics and Allied Sciences. Special Exhibition. First Floor _ 14

General Character . 14

Assembling the Exhibits . 14

Exhibitors . 16

Geographical Distribution of Exhibitors . 16

Outline of Material Sought . 16

Suggestions Relative to Eugenics Exhibits . 16

Exhibition Space and Installation . 18

Return of Exhibits . 18

Classification of Exhibits:

Group I. Heredity . 18

Group II. The Human Family . 19

Group III. The Factor of Race . 19

Group IV. Applied Eugenics . 20

Group V. Special Institutions and Methods . 20

Opening and Attendance . 20

The Eighteen Booths or Alcoves . 20

Description of Exhibits, alphabetically arranged . 23

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

In front of hook:

1 . General view of the Exhibition Hall — Special Exhibits.

2. Diagram of the Exhibition Hall— Special Exhibits.

3. Copy of the certificate awarded for exhibits and services of merit to the Exhibition.
In back of book:

4. Eugenical Classification of the Human Stock.

5. The Average American Male.

6. Chromosomes in Man.

7. Forecasting the Growth of Nations.

8. Approaching Extinction of “Mayflower” Descendants.

9. A Century of Change in Hawaii’s Population.

10. Miscegenation in Hawaii.

1 1 . Intermarriage of Nationalities in New York City.

12. Increase in Population in the United States Compared with European Countries.

13. Infant Mortality in United States by Nationality of Mother.

14. Heredity of Longevity.

15. Measurement of Physical Traits.

16. Palm and Sole Prints and their Inheritance.

17. Measurement of Physical and Mental Traits.

18. Measurement of Mental Traits.

19. Heredity of Musical Ability.

20. Growth of United States Population by Immigration and by Increase in Native

Stock.

21. Immigration into the United States from Different Countries.

22. Fluctuation in Distribution of Counties in the United States with at least 50

per cent Negro, 1860-1920.

23. Inheritance of Specific Iso-agglutinins in the Human Blood.

24. Comparison of White and Negro Fetuses.

25. Difference between White and Negro Fetuses.

26. The Catlin Mark.

27. Inheritance of Order of Succession in Development of the Carpal Bones.

28. Heredity of Hare-lip and Cleft-palate.

29. The Brains of Criminals.

30. Racial Differences in Mental Fatigue.

31. Heredity in Epilepsy.

32. Mentality and Delinquency.

33. Increase in United States of Whites and Negroes, both in Total and Insane Popu¬

lation. Also Growth of Urban Population.

34. New York State Commission for Mental Defectives, and its Extra Institutional

Care.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

35. Composite Portraiture.

36. Hawaiian, and Hawaiian Hybrids.

37. Swiss Folk Types.

38. Dutch Folk Types.

39. Pedigree of John Burroughs.

40. Pedigrees of Dramatic and Musical Talent.

41. Pedigree of the Caesars.

42. Marriage and Birth Rate in Relation to Immigration.

43. The Old Americans and the Tribe of Ishmael.

44. The Jukes.

45. The Nams.

46. Eugenical Sterilization in the United States.

47. Color Inheritance in Corn.

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Fig. 2. Floor Plan of Exhibition Hall (First Floor)

AN ACCOUNT OF THE EUGENICS EXHIBITION HELD IN
CONNECTION WITH THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL
CONGRESS OF EUGENICS IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM
OF NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK, SEPTEMBER 22 TO
OCTOBER 22, 1921

This exhibit consisted of a display of researches into the science and the
practical application of eugenics and allied subjects. It was shown in
two sections — first, an exhibit relating to the paleontology of man,
especially prepared for the occasion by the American Museum of Natural
History, in the Hall of the Age of Man on the fourth floor; second, the
Special Eugenics Exhibition, in eighteen alcoves in the Forestry and Darwin
Halls on the first floor.

Support. The exhibit was made possible, both by the very generous
gift of $2,500 for this specific purpose, by Mrs. E. H. Harriman, founder
of the Eugenics Record Office, and by the American Museum of Natural
History in providing exhibition space and aid in the installation and care
of exhibits.

SECTION ONE

Anthropology and Archaeology. Hall of the Age of Man. Fourth Floor

“A special exhibit was prepared by the American Museum of Natural
History and was installed in the Hall of the Age of Man, which was the
room where the principal meetings of the Congress were held. Most of
the permanent exhibits in this Hall were removed, but there remained the
synoptic exhibit for early man and his culture.

“On the walls of the hall were the newly installed paintings by Charles
R. Knight, representing the fauna and other conditions that confronted
man of the Old Stone Age. Two of these panels represent Neolithic and
Palaeolithic man respectively. Restorations of extinct races of man are
shown and compact installations presenting Man’s Place among the
Primates, The Most Ancient Human Races, and the Immediate Predeces-

EXHIBITS AND EXHIBITORS

sors of Modern Man, the Neanderthals. The wall space beneath these
paintings was used for two special exhibits in anthropology: a chronological
chart and a synoptic exhibit for human culture by N. C. Nelson; photo¬
graphs, face casts, and charts presenting the race problem of Hawaii by
Louis R. Sullivan.

“The chronology of the world’s culture prepared by Mr. Nelson, Associate
Curator of Archaeology in the Museum, is the first serious attempt to
present the time-relations for the culture of the world as a whole.

“The Hawaiian exhibit presented the material just returned from an
expedition to Hawaii, where Dr. Louis R. Sullivan, Assistant Curator
in the Museum, spent many months under the auspices of the Bernice P.
Bishop Museum of Honolulu. The charts and busts in the exhibit were
prepared by the Bishop Museum in Hawaii as their special contribution
to the Congress. The photographs and mountings were contributed by
the American Museum of Natural History. Type photographs and busts
were shown for pure Hawaiians, Chinese, Japanese, and Portuguese,
accompanied by mixtures of the same. The charts present statistical data
on the present population.

“In this Hall also special permanent exhibits, principally those showing
the restoration of anthropoid skulls and heads, were shown temporarily
in new positions for the purpose of coordinating and emphasizing geological
history of the human species.” — Clark Wissler.

SECTION TWO

Eugenics and Allied Sciences. Special Exhibition. First Floor

General Character. The second section, which was shown in the Forestry
and Darwin Halls on the first floor, comprised mainly embryological and
racial casts and models, photographs, pedigree charts and tables, biological
family histories and collective biographies, graphical and historical charts
on the character and analysis of population, material showing the principles
of heredity in plants, animals and man, maps and analytical tables demon¬
strating racial vicissitudes, anthropometric instruments, apparatus for
mental measurements, and books and scientific reprints on eugenical and
genetical subjects.

Assembling the Exhibits. Exhibits were secured by corresponding with
and interviewing persons, in the United States and foreign countries,
who were known to be interested in eugenical subjects and to be conducting
eugenical researches. It was aimed to make the exhibits relatively few in
number but outstanding and specifically illustrating definite principles.

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President of the Congress Chairman of tlpe Committee In Exhibits

Fig. 3. Copy of Certificate Awarded for Meritorious Exhibits

EXHIBITS AND EXHIBITORS

As the work developed, it was soon found that all of the available space
would be occupied, and that even some of the exhibits which were offered,
and which were quite worthy of showing, would have to be represented by
sample display.

Exhibitors. The exhibits were shown by scientific investigators in the
fields of eugenics, genetics, statistics, psychology, anthropology and other
fields of investigation which bear upon the biological factors in family and
racial fortunes. College and university professors, investigators in scien¬
tific institutions, physicians and field workers in institutions for the socially
inadequate, statisticians and research departments of the great life insurance
companies, scholars and authors of independent means, publishing houses,
and state and federal governmental departments furnished the main body
of the exhibits. There were in all one hundred and thirty-one exhibitors.

Geographical Distribution of Exhibitors. Geographically, the exhibits
came from twenty-two states, the District of Columbia and sixteen foreign
countries. By number of exhibits, states and countries were represented as
follows: Alabama 1, Colorado 1, Connecticut 3, Illinois 4, Indiana 4, Iowa 2,
Kansas 1, Kentucky 1, Maryland 3, Massachusetts 12, Michigan 2, Missouri

2, Nebraska 1, New Hampshire 3, New Jersey 6, New York 44, Ohio 4,
Oregon 1, Pennsylvania 1, Rhode Island 2, Texas 2, Wisconsin 1, District
of Columbia 10, Australia 2, Belgium 1, Canada 1, China 1, Cuba 1, England

3, France 1, Holland 1, India 1, Italy 2, Japan 1, Mexico 1, New Zealand 1,
Norway 1, Peru 1, Switzerland 1.

Outline of Material Sought. In assembling the exhibits the following
announcement and explanatory outline was sent to prospective exhibitors:

Suggestions Relative to Eugenics Exhibits

It is desired to make the exhibits of this Congress relatively few in number but striking
in nature.

All exhibits must pertain directly to eugenical matters, that is, they must have a
bearing upon the problems of race betterment. Exhibitors are urged to keep in mind
Galton’s definition that “Eugenics is the study of the agencies under social control
which may improve or impair the racial qualities of future generations, either mentally or
physically.”

While the exhibits must be able to withstand the test of professional scrutiny, still
they should be of a nature which the man of ordinary intelligence and education, but
without special scientific training, may readily comprehend and appreciate. Provision
will be made for exhibiting displays of highly technical work, but the popular aspect will
be given the preference.

Charts, maps, pictures, models and scientific apparatus are considered proper means for
displaying and demonstrating eugenical facts and principles, but any other kind of display
material which any particular exhibitor cares to offer will be most carefully considered.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OE EUGENICS

In general the ground covered is as follows:

A. Human heredity.

B. Human migration.

C. Mate selection.

D. Differential fecundity.

E. Differential survival.

F. The evolution of man.

G. Social control of eugenical factors.

Stated more specifically, exhibits of materials collected and of work done under the
following headings will be especially welcome:

1. Human pedigrees which trace the transmission of specific physical, mental and tem¬

peramental qualities.

2. Studies in human migration.

3. Studies in race mixture, accompanied with pictures of individuals and families, and

pedigree explanations.

4. The relation between natural hereditary qualities and national greatness.

5. Eugenics and over-population.

6. The evolution of man.

7. The social control of mate selection in the interests of producing more talented off¬

spring.

8. Specific efforts to cut off the supply of hereditary degenerates.

9. The classification and geographical distribution of particular types of marriage laws

and customs.

10. Registration of births, marriages, divorces and deaths.

11. The eugenical aspect of illegitimacy.

12. Geographical and racial distribution of specific types of constitutional talent and

defect.

13. The measure and change of racial elements and natural qualities in selected portions

of the population.

14. Statistics on fecundity and longevity.

15. The mathematical and theoretical aspects of eugenical problems.

16. Schemes for recording family history records and biographical material.

17. Anthropometric standards and apparatus for measuring physical traits.

18. Psychological standards and apparatus for diagnosing and measuring mental and

temperamental qualities.

19. The legal aspect of eugenical activities such as marriage laws, immigration regulation,

deportation, segregation, sexual sterilization, eugenical registration, state aid to
maternity, differential tax against sterility and the like.

20. Eugenical surveys which seek to identify and to index all members of a given popula¬

tion which possesses certain socially desirable or undesirable natural qualities.

21. Eugenical (not sex hygiene) education.

22. The history of race betterment activities.

23. Books, journals, pamphlets, scientific reprints and other publications, relating to

eugenics.

Investigators in eugenics and allied sciences are invited to communicate to the Com¬
mittee on Exhibits a description of such exhibits as the particular investigator may care to
offer for display at the forthcoming Eugenical Congress. All such descriptions and offers

EXHIBITS AND EXHIBITORS

should be in the hands of the Committee by June 1 , 192 1 . After that date prompt responses
will be made to all such offers with the view to coordinating and systematizing exhibits.
The work of preparing, shipping and installing the exhibits can then proceed in the most
effective manner.

All exhibits should be in the hands of the Committee not later than September 1, 1921.

Address all correspondence in relation to exhibits to Harry H. Laughlin, Chairman of
Committee on Exhibits, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, New York.

Exhibition Space and Installation. The Forestry Hall on the first floor
of the American Museum of Natural History consists of a central corridor
or concourse and sixteen alcoves set off by large glass cases eight feet high,
within which cases the permanent forestry exhibits are installed. Tem¬
porarily the exterior surface of these cases was used for exhibition walls.
For this purpose the bottom two feet were covered with grey cloth and
the top six feet by vehisote panels. The running length of these six foot
panels was 1040 feet. Besides this space, the movable standard screens of
the Museum were placed within the booths, thus adding approximately
one-third to the wall space made available by the continuous panels. Down
the center of the Hall were placed a series of the standard glass exhibition
cases of the Museum. These cases extended also into the adjacent sections
of Darwin Hall. All available space was covered by material especially
assembled for this exhibit, and in a few instances, selection had to be made
within particular displays offered on account of lack of space.

Return of Exhibits. All material and packing cases were properly labeled
upon arrival, and at the termination of the exhibit, the displays were repacked
and in every case safely returned to their respective exhibitors, or otherwise
disposed of in accordance with the exhibitor’s instructions. In no case was
exhibit material lost, nor did any exhibitor express dissatisfaction with the
handling of his material.

Classification of Exhibits

GROUP I. HEREDITY

Class 1. General Genetics. Exhibits of genetical material (or pictures of such) in
two or three generations.

Class 2. Any other Exhibits of General Genetics.

Class 3. Human Heredity.

3a. Pedigree charts, or tables, showing family distribution of particular traits —
physical, mental and temperamental.

3b. Charts and specimens illustrating linkage or crossing over in mammalian or human
pedigrees.

3c. Production of hereditary defects in man or mammals (alcohol, etc.).

3d. Any other aspect of heredity.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EUGENICS

Class 4. Physiology of Reproduction.

4a. Ovulation, union of the gametes, physiological sterility.

4b. Development of the embryo; origin of embryological defects; prenatal deaths.
4c. Number of young at a birth — twinning, etc.

4d. Sex ratios.

4e. All other exhibits on heredity and reproduction.

GROUP II. THE HUMAN FAMILY

Class 5. Fecundity, in different strains, families and social classes.

5a. Statistics on fecundity and longevity of races, nations, families or social groups.
5b. Changes in ideals respecting size of family; birth control; consequences of unre¬
stricted fecundity.

5c. General laws of growth of population; over-population.

5d. Social control over fecundity of strains; sterilization laws and consequences;
taxation of celibates; state aid to fecundity of the most valuable classes.

5e. Dying out of families.

5f. All other exhibits on differential fecundity.

Class 6. The Differential Survival of Various Strains.

6a. Relative morbidity of and defect rate in families, racial stocks or social groups;
racial susceptibility or racial immunity; also of the sexes; and of different order of birth.

6b. Relative mortality in families or racial stocks, or social groups. Also of the sexes
and of different order of birth.

6c. Selective influences of epidemics and wars upon races or social groups.

6d. Survival of the unfit, and its consequences.

6e. All other exhibits on differential survival.

Class 7. Mate Selection.

7a. Illustrations of the consequences of excellent mate selection— aristogenic families.
7b. Illustrations of consequences of poor mate selection — cacogenic families.

7c. Illegitimacy and its eugenical bearings.

7d. Consanguineous mating and consequences (man and other organisms).

7e. Social control over mate selection — especially religious or communistic experiment
and their results; mating laws and customs; segregation.

7f. All other exhibits on mate selection.

Class 8. All Other Exhibits on the Human Family.

GROUP HI. THE FACTOR OF RACE

Class 9. Evolution of Man.

Class 10. Photographs of Human Racial Types.

Class 11. Maps of Past and Present Distribution of Races.

Class 12. Race in Relation to History.

Class 13. Facts of Race Migrations and Intermingling.

13a. Early interracial mixtures.

13b. Modern migrations and their consequences; immigration to the United States.
13c. Regulation of immigration; immigration laws.

13d. Miscegenation and its consequences; characteristics of hybrids.

13e. Photographs and models showing results of modern racial mixtures.

13f. Geographical and racial distribution of specific types of constitutional talent and
defect.

13g. Other data on the racial factor.

EXHIBITS AND EXHIBITORS

GROUP IV. APPLIED EUGENICS

Class 15. Human Constitutional Differences; and Applications.

15a. Measurements of differences in physique, intelligence, instincts and temperament.
Apparatus and results.

15b. Human differences in relation to physical, mental and religious education.

15c. Constitutional differences in relation to society; social values.

15d. Education in eugenics.

Class 16. Records of Racial Facts.

16a. Registration by race — of births, marriages, divorces, deaths; physical traits,
diseases and defects; psychological and temperamental differences.

16b. Census records of family and race; the census as an aid to genealogy.

16c. Any other racial records.

Class 17. Eugenical Surveys.

Class 18. Eugenics in relation to treatment of those under state care (feebleminded,
insane, etc.).

Class 19. National hereditary qualities and national greatness; the rise and fall of
nations dependent on the changes in the germ-plasm.

Class 20. Eugenics and genealogy.

Class 21. Any other exhibits of applied eugenics.

GROUP V. SPECIAL INSTITUTIONS AND METHODS: PERSONAL

Class 22. Institutions of eugenics.

Class 23. Societies of eugenics and organizations for race betterment.

Class 24. Methods of collecting and recording eugenical data.

Class 25. Books, journals, pamphlets and other publications relating to eugenics.

Class 26. Biographical and personal data; letters and photographs of eugenicists.

Opening and Attendance. The exhibit was ready on the date announced
and was thrown open to the public on the first day of the Congress, Septem¬
ber 22, 1921. Special invitation was issued to members of the Congress and
their friends, and to persons particularly interested in the inborn nature and
fortunes of races and families. Admission was free. During the month,
while the exhibit was open to the public, 821 persons signed the register
to indicate their especial interest in eugenical research, and a desire to pro¬
mote the purpose of the Congress and the exhibit. No exact record was kept
of the total number of visitors, but Dr. Frederic A. Lucas, Scientific Director
of the American Museum of Natural History, estimates that between 5,000
and 10,000 persons attended the exhibit during the month. Attendants
and guides from the Eugenics Record Office were constantly on hand to
explain the displays. Special mention should be made also for the courtesy
and efficiency of the Museum staff in aiding, each in his particular province,
the work of this exhibit.

The Eighteen Booths or Alcoves. A description of the general character
of the exhibits within the several booths. For practical exhibition purposes,

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EUGENICS

each of the several booths was numbered, named and given accompanying
explanatory paragraphs,— all posted conspicuously on a placard at the
entrance of the particular booth, as follows:

Booth 1. Eugenical Organization. Eugenics is a new science organized from factors
contributed by may other lines of scientific endeavor. It is based primarily upon the facts
of heredity, and is properly defined as “The science of the improvement of the human race
by better breeding” (Davenport), or as “The study of those agencies under social control
which may improve or impair the qualities of future generations either mentally or physi¬
cally ” (Galton), or “The conscious (as opposed to the instinctive) self-direction of human
evolution.”

In this country such agencies as the Eugenics Record Office and the Eugenics Research
Association are devoted exclusively to promoting eugenical interests. There are a'so
many colleges and universities which give courses in the new science, and many local
societies and state institutions which are conducting first-hand eugenical investigations.

N ole: On the tables in this booth there are provided papers and pamphlets on eugenics.
Persons who are especially interested are given the opportunity to receive blank schedules
prepared by the Eugenics Record Office for the purpose of guiding investigators in
securing and tabulating family history data on the biological or inborn trait basis.

Also, this booth contains the bulletin board for announcing current and forthcoming
features of the Congress, and especially for posting the time and place of special demon¬
strations by exhibitors; the register for recording the names, addresses and special interests
of persons especially concerned with eugenics; it is also the office of the exhibit and the
headquarters of the guides and attendants.

Booth 2. Genetics and Heredity. Genetics is the science of reproduction and heredity
in plants, animals and man. Genetics is also an important foundation factor in eugenics
or the improvement of the human race through a knowledge of heredity and its application
to selection and fecundity. The determination of a principle of inheritance in one of the
three groups of organisms throws much light upon genetical behavior in the other two.

Ultimately the human species must be highly specialized in race and hereditary family
traits, but in no case must the soundness of stock and high fecundity be sacrificed

Practical eugenics works in two directions. First, for cacogenic control which seeks
to raise the level of inborn human values by cutting off the descent lines of those individuals
who are so meagerly or defectively endowed by nature that their offspring are unable to
care for themselves and consequently entail a drag upon the more effective members of
society.

Second, the aristogenic or constructive activities of eugenics seek to raise the general
level of inborn human values by securing fit matings and higher fertility among families
most highly talented by nature in body, mind and temperament.

Booth 3. Domestic Breeds. The breeders or improvers of domestic plants and animals
apply the principles of heredity in a practical manner. In order to do this intelligently,
they must understand the laws of genetics, must see to it that fit matings are made, that
only those individuals most splendidly endowed by nature, in body and reaction, are
permitted to reproduce, and that, among the more desired strains, high fecundity is
secured.

Man can learn from his own experience with the domestic animals and plants. The
breeder s records enable him to direct the forces of racial evolution along definite and pre-

EXHIBITS AND EXHIBITORS

selected lines. Human eugenics is not stock breeding, but its racial progress depends
upon such social laws and customs as will direct mate selection along lines which will
produce offspring of the most highly talented and fertile nature.

Practical breeders insist on authentic and permanent pedigree records. Man, subject
to the same laws of natural inheritance as plants and animals, has not yet put into practice
a universal system of maintaining trait or performance records of all members of the family
tree. The keeping of trait-records is a necessary step which must precede practical
eugenics.

Booth 4. Human Heredity. Hereditary qualities, mental, physical and temperamental,
are the materials out of which traces are made. Variation in these qualities permits selec¬
tion in the direction of inborn family or racial ideals. It is essential that the manner of
inheritance of specific human traits be determined by accurate family history study and
careful pedigree analysis.

Booth 5. The Family, Mate Selection, Fecundity. The family organization, and the
laws and customs governing human reproduction, constitute the agency by which racial
destiny is now determined. Mate selection jin man is governed by courtship and marriage
and is, of course, one of the greatest of all eugenical factors. Wise matings and high
fecundity mean racial progress. Unfit matings mean racial degeneracy. At present,
factors of mate selection, through courtship, are charming personal qualities, high social
position, wealth and the like. If the race is to improve eugenically, inborn family qualities
must, ultimately, through education, become important factors in courtship, and con¬
sequently in mate selection. It is eugenically important that each family maintain a
permanent record of family traits.

Booth 6. Aristogenic Families. As evidence of eugenics, we find in some families a
predominance of mental, physical and moral personal qualities of a highly herditary nature
and of the greatest individual and social value. Such families are called aristogenic.
A democracy, in common with the science of eugenics, recognizes the aristocracy of
personal ability, physical, mental and moral. A democratic nation, in order to live, must
foster good blood and hereditary talent, just as assiduously as an undemocratic country
fosters special privilege.

Booth 8. Variation Under Domestication. In his “Plants and Animals under Domesti¬
cation,” Darwin demonstrated conclusively the practical effectiveness of artificial selection
in establishing new varieties. The permanent Museum exhibits of this booth illustrate this
truth.

Booth 9. Variation Under Natural Isolation. Even under a uniform environmental
condition, members of a uniform species, when permanently isolated, tend to vary in
diverse directions. Thus the limits of opportunities for mating, in bisexual species, are
the limits of permanent race-uniformity.

In isolated American communities, man (both pre-Columbian and post-Columbian)
has mutated along unique lines and has developed into new varieties.

Booth 10. Institutions, Administration, Eugenical Education. Many states and institu¬
tions are now recognizing the necessity of working out practical eugenical programs.
Many custodial institutions (for the feebleminded, insane, criminalistic and the like)
are making family history studies of their inmates, and many states are denying parent¬
hood to individuals whose handicaps are based upon hereditary defects, and, as a radical
measure, fifteen states have enacted laws providing for sexual sterilization of certain
types of defectives.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EUGENICS

Eugenical education is depended upon to develop, in the next generation, a general
appreciation of eugenical principles, which will result in more highly essential laws govern¬
ing marriage and reproduction, and will influence mate selection in the direction of higher
eugenical fitness.

Booth 11. Races of Man. Humanity is composed of many races differing widely in
physical, mental and moral qualities. The history of the origin and development of
races and the analysis of the family distribution of personal qualities furnish material
for the determination of the hereditary nature of specific traits.

Booth 12. Races of Man. There must always be highly diversified races and highly
specialized families within races. In order to survive, it is necessary that a given race
or a given strain have some of the common foundational human elements, such as stamina
and high fecundity, but in addition to these elementary qualities, racial and family speciali¬
zation is essential in human progress.

Booth 13. Human Migration, Immigration. Whenever two races come in contact for
a long period of time, history proves that race mixture follows. Consequently the eugeni¬
cal importance of human migration cannot be over-estimated. It is one of the four or
five elementary factors which determine racial fortunes.

Booth 14. Anthropometry. In the scientific study of human heredity, it is necessary
first to have an accurate standard for measuring specific traits. When these traits are
physical ones, eugenics draws upon the science of anthropometry for its standards and
technique.

Booth 15. Mental Testing, Psychiatry. The recent development of the science of
measuring mental qualities and physiological and temperamental reactions, has added
much to the efficiency of eugenical studies. The accurate tracing of psychological
qualities from one generation to another must rest on a quantitative basis.

Psychiatry, the study of mental disorders, has contributed much to the proper under¬
standing of the mental mechanism and the human behavior.

Booth 16. Population, Vital Statistics. The statistical study of population by sex,
age, race, occupation, literacy, wealth and individual talent reveals the end results of the
working out of eugenical factors. The study of population and vital statistics constitute
the bookkeeping aspect of eugenics.

Booth 17. Eugenics and Euthenics. Eugenics means well born. It refers to improve¬
ment of the human race by better breeding. The whole group of external factors which
affect human development and which may influence indirectly the course of heredity,
are called euthenics. Thus if eugenics stands for hereditary factors, euthenics stands for
the total of environmental forces. Both good heredity and good environment are abso¬
lutely essential to racial welfare.

Booth 18. Environment, Human Evolution. With the change of environment, especially
in climate, races of man have been stimulated to migrate from less favorable to
more favorable regions. These migrations have influenced very greatly the evolution of
mankind, largely through the struggle for existence, new opportunities for mate selection,
and the influence of the complex of environment upon differential fecundity and survival.

Description of Exhibits, Alphabetically Arranged

1. Exhibitor: American Genet jc Association, Scientific Society devoted to plant
breeding, animal breeding and eugenics, Washington, D. C.

Exhibits: Copies of its monthly publication The Journal of Heredity.

EXHIBITS AND EXHIBITORS

2. Exhibitor: American Geographical Society, Broadway at 156th Street, New York
City, N. Y.

Exhibits: Maps, reprints of articles and monographs dealing with distribution of popula¬
tion, migration, and zones of civilization.

3. Exhibitor: American Hampshire Swine Record Association, 409 Wisconsin Avenue,
Peoria, Illinois.

Exhibits: One set of colored posters.

4. Exhibitor: American Jersey Cattle Club, Registration of Pure Bred Jersey Cattle,
324 West 23d Street, New York, N. Y.

Exhibits: Pedigrees and photographs of specimen cattle. In this exhibit was a pedigree
of a Jersey Bull which sold for $65,000. It showed the extent of inbreeding practiced by
cattle breeders, in that this bull carried 52Ji of the combined blood of two of his great
great great grandparents, secured by the almost consistent mating of half-brothers and
half-sisters for many generations. Only 45 animals appear in the six generations back for
this animal, as against the normal number of 126 ancestors in six generations.

Photographs showed the improvement in type as a result of several generations of
intelligent breeding.

5. Exhibitor: American Karakul Sheep Company, Breeders and developers of Persian
Lamb Fur Sheep, Fayetteville, N. Y.

Exhibits: Chart showing Persian lamb fur sheep and lambs bred in America.

6. Exhibitor: American Milk Goat Record Association, Compilers and Preservers
of pedigrees of Milk Goats, Vincennes, Ind.

Exhibits: First ten volumes printed.

7. Exhibitor: American Rambouillet Sheep Breeders’ Association, Marysville, Ohio.

Exhibits: 21 Publications of the Association.

8. Exhibitor: The American Red Cross, Washington, D. C.

Exhibits: Five posters.

9. Exhibitor: American Short Horn Breeders’ Association, 13 Dexter Park Avenue,
Chicago, Illinois.

Exhibits: One herd book, pedigree lists and sample registry certificates.

10. Exhibitor: American Social Hygiene Association, 370 Seventh Avenue, New York,
N. Y.

Exhibits: Ten illustrative panels dealing with eugenics and social hygiene.

11. Exhibitor: American Statistical Association, Kent Hall, Columbia University,
New York, N. Y.

Exhibits: One quarterly publication. One chart comparing the death rates of white
and colored races. One chart showing gradual decrease of deaths from alcoholism in
New York City. Years given — 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920. Two pamphlets, “Forty-
five years of United States Naval Morbidity.”

12. Exhibitor: Prof. W. S. Anderson, Professor of Genetics, University of Kentucky,
Lexington, Ky.

Exhibits: Photographs of horses and of upgraded sheep. Peter the Great is the most
successful sire of the standard-bred breeding horse, having to his credit over 60 2:10
trotters. His son, Peter Volo, made world trotting records for two-year-olds, three-year-
olds, and four-year-olds and is now a successful sire.

Fair Play is a successful sire, but his most valuable get has been Man O’War who, as
a three-year-old, holds five world records against horses of all ages, marking him as the
outstanding race horse produced by the breed to-day. He is to-day worth more money
than any other live animal of any breed.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OE EUGENICS

Photographs of sheep were shown to illustrate the value of good blood in improving
common stock. The same flock of scrub ewes on the Kentucky Experiment Station farm
were bred one year to a scrub male and a flock of scrub lambs produced. The next year
the same flock of scrub ewes was bred to a Rambouillet registered ram and lambs from this
cross formed a contract to the lambs produced by a scrub sire out of the same dams. The
lambs by the pure bred sire were worth two to three times the get of the scrub sire.

13. Exhibitor: Prof. E. B. Babcock, Professor of Genetics, University of California,
Berkeley, Calif.

Exhibits: Text-book “Genetics in Relation to Agriculture” by Ernest B. Babcock,
Professor of Genetics, University of California and Roy Elwood Clausen, Assistant
Professor of Genetics, University of California. Published by the McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York, 1918.

14. Exhibitor: Dr. Bird T. Baldwin, Iowa Child Welfare Research Station, State
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

Exhibits: Studies of growth and development of children. Twenty-five groups of
curves, showing correlation of weight, height, etc. with several other physical capacities;
some graphs showing development in infants, and still others showing individual increase
in different measurements of strength. Six bulletins issued by the Iowa Child Welfare
Research Station on studies done in their laboratory.

15. Exhibitor: Prof. B. F. Beck, Santisstrasse 4, St. Gallen, Switzerland.

Exhibits: (a) Nineteen photographs illustrating nineteen folk-types of primitive
Switzerland (Plate 27, Vol. II). (b) Twenty-one photographs illustrating twenty-one
folk-types from the Rhone Valley, (c) Six treatises and two charts concerning inheri¬
tance of mental disease, dementia praecox, epilepsy, suicide, paralysis, etc.

16. Exhibitor: Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, Volta Bureau, Washington, D. C. (see
also Vo ha Bureau).

Exhibits: Six stereograms (Plate 4, Vol. I) showing the relation between age of fathers
at death, age of mothers at death and longevity of offspring. (1) Persons who died
young (under 20), (2) Persons who died 20-40, (3) Persons who died 40-60, (4) Persons
who died 60-80, (5) Persons who died 80-100, (6) Average age at death. The greatest
percentage of those who had long-lived parents fell in class 5.

17. Exhibitor: Dr. A. F. Blakeslee, Resident Investigator in Plant Genetics, Carnegie
Institution of Washington, Cold Spring Harbor, L. I.

Exhibits: Charts and diagrams dealing with sex in Mucors and genetics in Datura.
This exhibit comprised ten charts and several test tube cultures of mucors. It demon¬
strated the following features:

Sex in mucors: a single chart with photographs of living cultures, diagrams and descrip¬
tive text to illustrate sexual differentiation into dioecious and hermaphroditic types and
into isogamic and heterogamic types; also the sexual relations between the opposite sexes
of the same species, and between the opposite sexes of different species.

Mutation in mucors: a single chart with living cultures and photographs to show the
type form of Mucor genevensis and several mutants to which it has given rise, some of them
soon reverting to the parent type, while others remaining constant since 1913.

A chemical method of distinguishing genetic types of yellow cones in the Black-eyed
Susan ( Rudbeckia hirta) : a single chart in colors to illustrate inheritance of the two types
of yellow cones. One type turns black, while the other type turns red in strong KOH.

An apparent case of non-Mendelian inheritance in Datura due to disease: a single chart
showing by photographs the morphological peculiarities in the flower, fruit and leaves,

EXHIBITS AND EXHIBITORS

when the Datura plant is infected by a disease which is readily transmitted by grafting
but not by inoculation.

Variations in Jimson Weed (Datura Stramonium) caused by differences in the number
of the chromosomes: a series of 6 charts giving text, chromosomal diagrams and photo¬
graphs of seedlings, mature plants, leaves, flowers and capsules of normal diploids,
tetraploids, and the simple trisomic mutants — Globe, Poinsettia, and Cocklebur.

18. Exhibitor: Bureau of the Census, Washington, D. C.

Exhibits: (a) One large map of the United States showing cities with a population of
over 30,000.

(b) Chart of the United States and the proportion in cities.

(c) Chart of the birth rates and death rates in their relation to age distribution. Chart
of death rates of various races in New York State, 1910.

(d) One statistical chart (colors, 4 by 5 feet). Divorces 1913. Comparison of the
most important nations of the world, proving the greater number of divorces occurring
in Japan and the United States; the lowest rate represented by Scotland, Italy and
England.

(e) One statistical diagram (colors, 5 by 5 feet). Annual Number of Marriages and
Divorces in the United States 1887-1906 and 1918, showing doubled increase of both
marriages and divorces within that period.

(f) Statistical diagram (colors, 6 by 6 feet). Comparative Fecundity of different
Racial Stocks in the United States. Predominance of Foreign Stock (Plate 34, Vol. II).

(g) One statistical chart (colors, 5 by 5 feet) . Average number of children ever born
to mothers of 1919 and average number of these children living. Comparison by country
of birth of mother showing predominance of foreign born.

(h) Two charts: (1) Curves showing death rates from important causes of death,

United States registration, 1900-1919. (2) Death rates United States and foreign coun¬

tries 1900-1920.

(i) Two charts: (1) Comparative view of 25 of the principal causes of death for the
registration area (exclusive Hawaii) for the year 1918. (2) Comparative view of 25 of
the principal causes of death for the registration area (exclusive Hawaii) for the year 1919.

(j) One statistical chart, showing ratio of white and colored insane in hospitals in the
United States. Comparison of North and South.

(k) Eight colored charts representing the following population statistics: Foreign-born
population by principle countries of birth 1850-1920; Foreign-born white population
1920; Continental United States — population per square mile 1790-1920; Increase of
population in the United States and the principal countries of Europe 1800-1920; Infant
mortality by country of birth of mother in the registration area 1919; Per cent of increase
in total population and in white and negro population 1780-1820; Foreign white stock
by principal countries of origin 1910. (Plate 40 and 41, Vol. II).

(l) Six United States maps with states colored to represent increase of death registra¬
tion area, years given — 1880, 1890, 1900, 1915, 1921, and birth registration area 1921.

(m) Chart to show per cent of population of each state born in principle foreign coun¬
tries, 1920.

(n) Large chart with six maps of United States showing percentage from: (1) Germany,
(2) Russia and Finland, (3) Austria and Hungary, (4) Ireland, (5) Italy, (6) Norway,
Sweden and Denmark.

(o) Large chart illustrating immigration into the United States from European Coun¬
tries 1820-1920 (Plate 39, Vol. II).

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EUGENICS

(p) Four large maps of the United States, with the states colored so as to show: (1)
Percentage in white population of native white parentage, 1920. (2) Foreign or mixed
parentage, 1920. (3) Foreign white and foreign or mixed parentage combined, 1920.
(4) Foreign white, 1920.

19. Exhibitor: Bureau of Social Hygiene, Penn Terminal Building, 370 Seventh Avenue,
New York, N. Y.

Exhibits: Chart, books and pamphlets. Chart showing the heredity of the descendants
of six families residing in Dutchess County, New York.

Books and pamphlets published by the Bureau of Social Hygiene, Inc., as follows:
“Prostitution in Europe,” by Flexner; “American Police Systems,” by Fosdick; “Euro¬
pean Police System,” by Fosdick; “Commercialized Prostitution in New York City,”
by Kneeland; “A Study of Women Delinquents in New York State,” by Fernald, Hays and
Dawley; “Laws Relating to Sex Morality in New York City,” by Spingarn; “Prostitution
in the United States,” by Woolston.

Pamphlets: ‘‘Commercialized Prostitution in New York City — A Comparison Be-
ween 1912, 1915 and 1916;” “Commericalized Prostitution in New York City — A
Comparison Between 1912 and 1915;” “Commericalized Prostitution in New York City —
A Comparison Between 1912, 1915, 1916 and 1917;” “The Problem of Venereal Disease
in its Relation to Penal Institutions,” by Edith R. Spaulding, M.D.; “Crime in America
and the Police,” by Fosdick; “An Emotional Crisis,” by Edith R. Spaulding, M.D.;
“Some Institutional Problems in Dealing with Psychopathic Delinquents,” by Katharine
Bement Davis; “Physical States of Criminal Women,” by Albert S. Guibord, M.D.

20. Exhibitor: Dr. Esther F. Byrnes, Teacher of Biology and Physiology, Girls’ High
School, 193 Jefferson Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Exhibits: Composite photographs showing racial types of pupils of the Girls’ High
School. The exhibit from the Girls’ High School, Brooklyn, N. Y., was intended to show
the racial and national make-up of an average group of 150 unsorted pupils in one of the
High Schools in New York City.

In the spring of 1921 a questionnaire was sent to each room in the school asking for
the following information :

(1) What is the number of foreign born girls in the room and in what country was each
born.

(2) What is the number of American born girls in the room whose father or mother was
foreign born, and give the foreign country in which either or each was born.

(3) Give the number of American born girls and the countries to which they trace
their ancestry (the answer not included in 2). Indians only regarded as of American
ancestry.

The answers to the questionnaire are summarized in the following table:

U) V) (3)

Africa . — — 34

America . — — 14

Austria . 7 303 53

Denmark . — — 4

England . 18 104 203

France . — 27 66

Germany . 4 153 194

Holland . — 3 27

EXHIBITS AND EXHIBITORS

(1) (2) (3)

Hungary . 1 31 8

Ireland . 2 99 147

Italy . 9 99 19

Norway . — 2 3

Poland . 7 63 4

Rumania . 4 53 7

Russia . 75 849 137

Scotland . 2 16 43

Spain . 4 — 7

Sweden . 5 17 8

Switzerland . — 1 6

Syria . 1 — —

Turkey . 1 — —

Wales . — — 5

Totals . 140 1820 989

The pupils on register in the school numbered 2200. The table shows Russia contribu¬
ting more than any other country. Nearly all of the Russians are Jews. Austria stands
next to Russia. Most of the Austrians are Jews. Germany stands third on the list and
contributes Jews as well as Nordics. England and Ireland stand fourth and fifth respec¬
tively, with Italy sixth. The influence of the remaining European countries is negligible
in determining the personnel of the school.

The composite photographs show the types of the several different races and nationali¬
ties.

Altogether the data show the foreign make-up of the school and the types contributing
their blood and traditions to the future American.

21. Exhibitor: Dr. Myrtelle M. Cana van, Pathologist to the Massachusetts Depart¬
ment of Mental Diseases, 74 Fen wood Road, Boston, Mass.

Exhibits: Enlarged photographs of 50 feebleminded brains and 50 criminal brains
(Plate 22, Vol. I.). The exhibit from the laboratories of the Massachusetts State Psychia¬
tric Institute consisted of enlarged photographs of the superior surface of (a) 50 feeble¬
minded brains, and (b) 50 criminals.

The first 10 of these feebleminded brains have been intensively studied and published
in monograph form in the Memoir Series from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences;
Vol. XIV, No. II, May 1918, as Waverly Researches in the Pathology of the Feeble¬
minded (Research Series, Cases I-X), by Walter E. Fernald, E. E. Southard and Annie
E. Taft, and the second 10 of the same 50 exhibited appears as the continuation of this
clinico-anatomical study as Vol. XIV, No. Ill, November 1921, Memoirs of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences, Waverley Researches in the Pathology of the Feeble¬
minded (Research Series XI-XX) by Fernald, Southard, Canavan, Raeder and Taft.

The aim of the first monograph was to discover which types of feeblemindedness were
preventable, if brain complexity was measurable, and if hydrocephalic dilatation of
ventricles contributed to outbursts of excitement. The second monograph indicates
the answer of the question of matching testable mind with measurable brain and points
toward one type of preventable feeblemindedness, e.g., syphilitic.

The pictures exhibited will form the basis of the completed monograph on Feebleminded¬
ness. Attached to each picture was a brief explanatory chart giving the brain weight,

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EUGENICS

the mental and chronological ages and such facts as were known concerning the heredity,
which rarely exonerated the family, and the brains themselves presented anomalies of
fundamental character — lack of furrows — interlocking of hemispheres, stenciling of surface
pattern, or marked microcephalia.

Hydrocephalous enlargement also was a marked though infrequent finding, and evi¬
dence of old meningitis could be seen.

The brains (b) of 50 insane criminals also formed a portion of the exhibit and presented
striking differences from the feebleminded in that no microcephalic nor hydrocephalic
were present in a similar series of 50. The most striking feature was that their brains
were, for the most part, either very long or very round, with well developed pattern,
probably indicating that the criminal is potentially well endowed but improperly uses his
endowment. Most of the crimes were minor ones — breaking and entering, drunkenness,
vagrancy, now and then a major crime of murder. It was striking, perhaps fortunate,
that the majority of these men were unmarried.

22. Exhibitor: Dr. Chester L. Carlisle, Director Oregon State Survey, Chief, Neuro-
Psychiatric Section, U. S. Veterans’ Bureau, Leiter Bldg., Chicago, Ill.

Exhibits: Two charts showing percentage findings of Oregon State Survey.

The Oregon State Survey of Mental Defect, Delinquency and Dependency, conducted
by the University of Oregon, under the direction of the United States Public Health
Service, was unique in that it was the first survey in mental hygiene ever carried on without
special state appropriations, the work being accomplished by the voluntary aid of thousands
of citizens chiefly recruited from the professional, educational and official groups in each
village, city and county of the state. The Survey may be divided into two main divisions :

(1) A survey of the community at large. The findings in this division show the number
of socially inadequate persons of all classes in the community, not including school children
in the schools. One chart of this exhibit deals exclusively with such community findings
and points out the type of mental, physical or social disorder which rendered the individual
inadequate. Broadly speaking, such types are essentially the insane, the mentally
deficient without psychosis, the socially inadequate (frequently mentally abnormal)
delinquent type, and the socially inadequate (especially the mentally defective) dependent
type.

(2) The second division of the Oregon State Survey comprised an analysis as to why
children actually in school were over-age for their grades and are thus considered to be
retarded in school work in comparison with normal age expectations. The chart setting
forth the major findings of this school survey shows the percentage of over-age for grade
school children who are actually mentally dull or subnormal. The chart demonstrates
that a child who is definitely over-age for grade has a specific reason for such retardation ;
and that taken as a whole, apparently one-third of such retarded children are considered
by their teachers, or others who have been able to observe them closely, as showing a
definite degree of mental dulling. This survey brought out that purely physical disorders
as such, were not responsible for as large a percentage of school retardation as was formerly
thought to be the case. Causal factors relating to parental inadequacy loom large.
Parents carrying recessive unit characters which make for organ weakness in offspring,
produce children who show their first social inadequacy from a practical standpoint as
over-age for grade pupils in school. Conversely, socially inadequate adults have almost
without exception, a history of having been over-age for grade in school. Prophylaxis in
mental hygiene finds a wonderful field in reviewing the possibilities to be found in the
school which are molding the minds and habits of the coming generation.

EXHIBITS AND EXHIBITORS

23. Exhibitor: Central Association for the Care of the Mentally Defective, 24, Buck¬
ingham Palace Road, London, S. W. 1, England.

Exhibits: Copies of: (a) Studies in Mental Inefficiency, (b) C. A. M. D. Sixth
Report, (c) Work of Local Association for Mental Defectives, (d) Conference on Mental
Deficiency.

24. Exhibitor: Chester White Record Association, Rochester, Indiana.

Exhibits: Two magazines and a roll of photographs. Two volumes of the Chester
White Swine Record.

25. Exhibitor: Child Health Organization, 370 Seventh Avenue, New York, N. Y.

Exhibits: (a) Three large posters of organization, (b) Four collections of posters

purporting to prenatal and infant care and health advice, (c) Folding bulletin with
the society publications, including primers and stories designed for juvenile readers,

(d) Poster with “Happy’s Calendar” and a health game for children.

26. Exhibitor: Children’s Bureau, U. S. Department of Labor, 20th and D Streets,
N. W., Washington, D. C.

Exhibits: Charts and publications. The Children’s Bureau of the United States
Department of Labor was represented by a series of charts and publications on maternal
and infant mortality, infant and child hygiene, children in industry, and children in need
of special care (Plate 21, Vol. I).

27. Exhibitor: Dr. Edward D. Churchill, Surgical Interne, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, Mass.

Exhibits: The Family History in Surgical Records. Sixteen significant family histories,
selected from a series collected during a year’s service as interne in clinical surgery at the
Massachusetts General Hospital, were submitted in the form of the original notes and
charts. They were shown not for their intrinsic worth, but to illustrate the type of material
for the study of human heredity which is available in a large hospital, and to emphasize
the value of a carefully taken family history in case records. The charts shown included
hemophilia, diabetes, hernia, carcinoma, syndactylism and other diseases.

28. Exhibitor: Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior, Wash¬
ington, D. C.

Exhibits: (a) One chart — Comparative Columns Showing Indian population of the
United States by degree of Blood.

(b) Two panels with pictures and descriptions “How the Indians helped to win the
War.”

(d) One map showing the location of Indian Reservations in the United States.

(e) One map showing distribution of Indians in United States by degree of blood.

(f) One chart — curves showing birth and death rates of Indians.

(g) One chart — curves showing rates of Indian marriages between Indians and Whites,
between Indians by tribal custom, between Indians by legal procedure.

(h) One chart — Organization of the Indian Office U. S.

(i) One map of United States, Territories and Insular Possessions showing extent of
Public Surveys, National Parks, Monuments, Reservations, etc. (8 by 10 feet).

(j) Set of Lantern Slides.

(k) Articles of Indian Home Industry: Three baskets made by Pima Indians. One
Peace Pipe carved by hand from soft stone. One beaded tobacco pouch. One pair of
dumb bells made by Indian boy. One model of primitive Indian perambulator. One
ceremonial coat richly beaded. One Navajo blanket.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EUGENICS

29. Exhibitor: Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, “The Rialto,” Collins
Street, Melbourne, Australia.

Exhibits: Book: “Mathematical Theory of Population.”

30. Exhibitor: Prof. Edwin G. Conklin, Princeton University, Princeton, N. J.
Exhibits: Books: (1) “Heredity and Environment.” (2) “Direction of Human

Evolution.”

31. Exhibitor: The Continental Dorset Club, Sheep Registry Association, Mechanics-
burg, Ohio.

Exhibits: Pictures and pamphlets relative to sheep breeding.

32. Exhibitor: Dr. Henry A. Cotton, New Jersey State Hospital, Trenton, N. J.
Exhibits: Pathogenic material, drawings and models, showing the relation between

local infections and mental disorders.

33. Exhibitor: Dr. Charles B. Davenport, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, N. Y.
Exhibits: (1) Chinese translation of Record of Family Traits. (2) Letter from

Francis Darwin enclosing manuscript of Charles Darwin. (3) Letter from Francis
Gal ton.

34. Exhibitor: Miss Jane Davenport, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, N. Y.
Exhibit: Statuette of the average American white soldier. (Plate 32, Vol. II).

35. Exhibitor: Department of Educational Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia
University, New York, N. Y.

Exhibits: Intelligence test and scales.

36. Exhibitor: Dodd, Mead & Company, Book publishers, 449 Fourth Avenue, New
York, N. Y.

Exhibits: One book: “The Eugenic Prospect — National and Racial,” by C. W.
Saleeby, M. D., F. R. S. E., F. Z. S. In this volume the author, who abandoned medical
practice in 1904 to follow Francis Galton, the founder of modern eugenics, gives the result
of his studies of personal, national and racial health. Our scientific knowledge, especially
of food and drink, has greatly advanced since the Armistice; vital statistics, and especially
the quality of the birth rate, have shown grave tendencies. Dr. Saleeby, as delegate to
certain international congresses concerned with public health in 1919 and 1920 took the
opportunity to make wide observations in sixteen countries, the results of which are given
a prominent place in the present work.

37. Exhibitor: Dr. Julius Drachsler, Smith College, Northampton, Mass.

Exhibits: Charts showing inter-marriage among various nationalities in New York
City. (Plate 26, Vol II).

38. Exhibitor: Doubleday, Page & Co., Garden City, Long Island, N. Y.

Exhibits: Books: “My Larger Education.”

39. Exhibitor: Dr. Knight Dunlap, Professor of Experimental Psychology, The Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.

Exhibits: One book: “Personal Beauty and Racial Betterment.” A brief attempt to
show that the characteristics which are commonly called details of beauty, are signs of
stock characteristics of value to the race, and that selection for personal beauty is one of
the chief means of improving the race physically and mentally.

40. Exhibitor: Dr. Gustavus A. Eisen, Professor of Biology and Archaeologist, 707
Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y.

Exhibits: Three photogravures of sculptured portraits of the First Century, A. D.
These three portrait figures are reproduced in photogravure from original photographs,
magnified about fifteen to eighteen diameters — the original heads being about one centi-

EXHIBITS AND EXHIBITORS

meter high. The original figures are sculptures carved in silver, not chased or stamped,
found as decorations on a large silver cup, which, on account of its form, proportions and
decorations, can be dated with certainty to the middle of the first century A. D. when
vessels of this form were in use. After that century no similar vessels were made, all
possessing a different and characteristic form. On the cup in question there are in all
twelve well preserved figures, all made with the same exquisite skill and technic. One
of the personages is distinctly a Greek, but all the others are Jewish. As all the figures are
absolutely distinct from each other and exhibit personal characteristics of trait, mental
and moral characters, and one or two a distinct educated mien, it is obvious that we have
before us personal portraits of surprising quality and character, quite superior to any
portraits, painted or sculptured, so far known from the first century A. D. These por¬
traits cannot represent types. None are idealized, but all, on the contrary, reproduce
with fidelity, it seems, personal characteristics of body and mind, nay, even defects. For
the study of Jewish personalities in the early part of the Roman Empire, these twelve
representations are absolutely unique as no similar portraits, executed with such art, are
previously known. The object on which they are found as part of the decoration, is a
cup of silver, about 0.19 cm. by 0.15 cm. It was found at Antioch in Syria in 1910,
and is now in New York.

41. Exhibitor: Dr. A. II. Estabrook, Eugenics Record Office, Cold Spring Harbor,
Long Island, N. Y.

Exhibits: Charts dealing with the Jukes, Ishmaels, Nams, The New Harmony Move¬
ment (Plates 18, 19 and 20, Vol. I). This exhibit comprised four sets of charts. Three
of these sets referred to cacogenic groups which the exhibitor had studied, the other,
the story of the New Harmony, Indiana, Experiment in Communism.

The Tribe of Ishmael, an aggregation of paupers, criminals and wanderers in Indiana
and neighboring states, is pictured in the next set of charts. The Tribe is numerous,
at least 10,000 in number.

The New Harmony experiment in communism, the subject of the last set of charts
of this exhibit, was carried on in Indiana during the first twenty-five years of the nineteenth
century. A group of religious enthusiasts from Wurtemburg, Germany, about one thou¬
sand in number, under the leadership of a George Rapp, carried on a community, where
work and goods were in common and the religious bond held them together. This com¬
munity was very successful materially and the people worked hard building the new
town in a country at that time a wilderness. They were contented and had a much
higher standard of living than their neighbors of the wilds. Robert Owen, of England,
the manufacturer, bought the community property from the Rappites to carry his “New
Moral World” plan and his scheme for the bettering of the conditions of the working
classes and all society through free education for every one and common ownership of
all property and general division of labor. His community lasted a little less than two
years, the failure being ascribed to various causes. There were shown pictures of the five
large community houses built for men and women to live in groups; the brick and wooden
dwellings all erected on the same plan to indicate the equality of all; the big stone church —
all the foregoing erected by the Rappites. Other pictures show the community under
Owen’s direction. Photographs or reproductions of paintings of the members of the Owen
family and other prominent men of the town then, and also a sketch of the town as it is
to-day, quiet and complacent with its memories of olden days, nestling along the Wabash
River in the midst of the rich farming land of Posey County.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EUGENICS

42. Exhibitor: Eugenics Education Society, 11, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, W. C. 2,
England.

Exhibits: Charts, posters and publications: (1) Set of the Eugenics Review , Vol. I-
XIII (incomplete). (2) Set of publications of the Society. (3) Charts showing (a)
inheritance of dramatic and musical ability. (Plate 5, Vol. I). (b) inheritance of defect,

(c) Mendelian heredity with dominance, (d) Mendelian heredity. Theory of gametic
purity, (e) Pedigree of the Caesars. (Plate 17, Vol. I).

The Eugenics Review is the quarterly publication of the Eugenics Education Society,
London. It has served during the period of its existence (1) to put forward, with a mini¬
mum of technical language, the current state of knowledge in respect to heredity, as
studied by the Mendelian and by the Biometrical method. (2) For the statement and
discussion of the general principles involved in questions of race betterment, such as
historical evidence of deterioration by adverse selection, discussions of the effects of race
mixtures, etc. (3) For the discussion of individual opinions on the relation of other racial
questions, marriage laws, divorce regulations, etc., with eugenics.

The charts are designed to illustrate a few clear and unmistakable cases of the repetition
of a single congenital trait, or groups of traits, in particular families. They should not
be read as implying that the trait in question is believed to be inherited as a single Mende¬
lian factor, but as illustrations of the importance of heredity in general in determining
individual characters.

43. Exhibitor: Eugenics Record Office, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, N. Y.

Exhibits: The Eugenics Record Office, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, N. Y.,

showed the following:

Booth 1:

1. Photograph of Eugenics Record Office.

2. Map of United States showing location of field workers.

3. All the bulletins, forms and schedules published by the office.

4. Cloth chart — Definition of the word ‘Eugenics’ by Sir Francis Galton.

5. Chart showing the relation of Eugenics to other sciences, drawing its material

from Genetics, Biography, Genealogy, History, Anthropology, Statistics, etc.

6. Chart — How to read a pedigree chart, key to symbols and signs.

7. Chart — Simple diagrammatic explanation of the phenomena of heredity.

8. Portraits of famous Eugenicists: Francis Galton, the founder of Eugenics,

Gregor Johann Mendel, Alexander Graham Bell, President of the Second
International Congress of Eugenics, Professor V. Tschermak, Hugo de
Vries, and others.

Booth 2:

9. Cloth chart — Eugenical Classification of the Human Stock, giving two groups:

(Plate 25, Vol II).

(a) The eugenically fit from sterling inheritance, the representatives of intel¬

lect and strength, and the

(b) Eugenically unfit, the socially inadequate persons.

10. Two charts and mechanism illustrating the linear geography of the human germ-
plasm. Human traits which have been shown to follow definite rules of
inheritance.

Seven charts with 155 listed traits.

(1) Blending — 6 traits.

(2) Traits which show dominance in Fi and segregation in F2 — 63 traits.

EXHIBITS AND EXHIBITORS

(3) Sex-linked traits — 15 traits.

(4) Probably Mendelian, but inheritance imperfect or uncertain — 16 traits.

(5) Clearly hereditary, but rules of inheritance uncertain — 55 traits.

(6) Associated traits (possibly linkage) — 6 traits.

11. Human Heredity (Tables and machines).

(a) Chart illustrating mechanism for showing the segregation and recom¬

bination of genes in linkage (i.e. lying in the same chromosome) and
in independence (i.e. lying in different chromosomes).

(b) The cross-over in gametogenesis in Fi. Two charts of mechanism show¬

ing the relation between the somatic appearance of the double recessive
in F2 and the linear distance between the loci for the genes of their
respective positive allelomorphs.

“Cross-over” machine No. 2. Two charts of mechanism showing
how the somatic linkage ratio in F2 is modified by “crossing over” in
gametogenesis in Fi.

1. Pure-Sire method. Chart of mechanism showing resultant
Mendelian ratios.

(d) Chart showing apparatus for illustrating the segregation and recombina¬

tion of genetic units.

12. Norms of physical growth of children by race and sex (22 charts of curves).

13. Cloth chart — Actual pedigree of cataract, illustrating the manner of transmission

of dominant trait.

14. Cloth chart — Actual pedigree of albinism, showing inheritance of trait through

five generations.

15. Cloth chart — Hypothetical pedigree consonant with the known principles of

heredity, illustrating how good blood may become contaminated and good
strains may arise from bad.

Booth 3:

16. Cloth charts — Actual pedigrees of cacogenic families, showing inheritance of

insanity, epilepsy, criminalism, alcoholism, etc.

17. Five illustrations of Darwin’s experiment in “Reversion” in fowls, showing

ancestral stock (Junglefowd male and female) and offspring (male and female
hybrids) .

18. Two charts describing mechanism for illustrating the manner of inheritance of

coat-pigment in shorthorn cattle.

19. Cloth chart (4 by 10 feet) — Mendelian theory of heredity; inheritance of

recessive and dominant traits proved by observations in mice.

20. Cloth chart (3 by 1| feet) — Correlation between color of the skin and form of

the hair.

21. Cloth chart (3 by 12 feet) — Diagram to illustrate the Mendelian Inheritance

Color in Andalusian Fowl.

Booth 4:

22. The Pure-Sire Method of Race Assimilation in America (2 charts and bulletin).

(1) Two families in Spanish America, showing various crosses and

resultant mixture.

(2) One family in Spanish American and one in Jamaica, showing various

crosses and consequent mixture.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EUGENICS

23. Family Differences in Hereditary Susceptibility to Manic-Depressive Insanity

(1 chart).

24. Inheritance of the Order of Succession in Development of the Carpal Bones.

From the work of Dr. Prior, Lexington Ky. (Plate 3, Vol 1).

25. Harelip and Cleft Palate (2 charts) (Plate 7, Vol. I).

26. Inheritance of Specific Iso-Agglutinins in Human Blood (3 charts). (Plate 9,

Vol. I). By Dr. F. L. Reichert of Johns Hopkins Hospital.

(1) Table of different types of mating in forty families, showing distinct

hereditary segregation of the specific iso-agglutinins in human
blood.

(2) Diagram showing Moss’ classification of iso-agglutinating action of

human blood sera into four groups.

(3) Pedigree of inheritance of specific iso-agglutinins in human blood.

The Epicanthus. Table of percentage of European children of
different ages showing the persistence of epicanthus. It normally
disappears at an early age (By Dr. F. L. Reichert) .

27. Two diagrams:

(1) Ancestral influence in the human male, based upon (a) average,

(b) range and (c) chance in the contribution of chromosomes to the
Fi zygote.

(2) Ancestral influence in the human female, based upon (a) average,

(b) range and (c) chance in the contribution of chromosomes to the
Fi zygote.

28. Chart showing mechanism for illustrating the manner of inheritance of black

skin-pigment in man. It shows that pigment is due to two separable genes
in each gamete and that the potentiality of each gene finds measurable
somatic expression, regardless of other genes.

Booth 5:

29. Pedigree chart of John Burroughs’ Family (Plate 16, Vol. I).

Booth 6:

30. Harrison Family (Public Service). Nine generations in one family traced,

presenting individuals holding public office in each generation.

31. Fragment of Dwight Family (inherited scholarship). This family has been

charted because of its great number of educators and individuals interested
in higher education (2 large cloth charts) .

32. A Famous Family of American Geniuses. Seven generations are recorded in

this family displaying mechanical skill and artistic temperament (large
cloth chart) .

33. Nine charts (2 by 2| feet) illustrating the rise and fall of literature, fine arts,

science, etc., from the early Greek period to the eighteenth century, (a)
and (b) Poets; (c) Dramatists; (d) Scientists; (e) Great Leaders; (f) Specu¬
lative Philosophers, (g) Painters; (h) Architects; (i) Sculptors (From Mrs.
John Martin).

34. Ten pedigree charts showing inheritance of Genius and Talent in American

Families.

(a) The Perry Family of Naval Officers.

(b) The Jefferson Family of Actors.

EXHIBITS AND EXHIBITORS

(d) The Wolcott Family furnishing Governors of Connecticut.

(e) The Hutchinson Family of Musicians.

(f) The Dodge-Phelps-Stokes Family of Statesmen, Merchants and

Philanthropists.

(g) The Morgan Family of Capitalists.

(h) Fragment of the Sherman Family of Legislators.

(i) The Agassiz Family of Scientists.

(j) The Hopkins Family of Educators.

35. Cloth pedigree chart (6 by 8 feet) — The Sherman Family; example of a family

producing Governors, U. S. Senators, Lawyers and Soldiers.

Booth 7:

36. Means proposed for cutting off the supply of human defectives and

degenerates (large printed cloth chart with outline of ten proposed means
and a brief discussion).

37-48. 12 pedigree charts showing inheritance of special traits.

49. Map of the United States. Eugenical sterilization in the United States,

showing states having sterilization laws, with data concerning these laws
(Plate 43, Vol. II).

Booth 10:

50. Chart showing the relation of the United States Federal Government to Social

Inadequacy, 1921.

Booth 11:

51. Racial types in the population of the United States. 22 maps colored so as

to show the percentage of different racial types in the United States; one
map showing gain or loss by interstate migration and one map showing
general trend of interstate migration.

52. Three maps showing distribution of eye color (clear blue and dark brown) in

the United States. (Demobilization 1919.)

53. Three maps showing distribution of hair color (flaxen, red and dark brown)

in the United States. (Demobilization 1919.)

54. One map showing the distribution of the Indian population of the United

States (1920).

55. Composite Photographs. (Plate 15, Vol. I.) Thirty-one composite photo¬

graphs of various groups, including street car conductors and college groups.
A very striking resemblance is shown in the composites of 47 members of
Mt. Holyoke, 47 members of Harvard Annex and 38 members of Smith.
These were made in 1887-1888 shortly after Sir Francis Galton proposed the
use of composites in the study of facial types. (By the late Henry P.
Bowditch.)

56. Carriers of the Germ-plasm of the Future American Population. Recent

immigrants at Ellis Island. Sixty-one large photographs (each having
front and profile views) of immigrants taken at Ellis Island, including many
racial types.

Booth 14:

57. Average dimensions of eight races (Demobilization data, 1919) as to: (1)

Sitting Height; (2) Chest circumference; (3) Public arch; and (4) Waist.
Relative dimensions of eight races (Demobilization 1919) as to: (1) Span;
(2) Sternal notch; (3) Sitting height; (4) Pubic height. Eight races con-

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EUGENICS

considered are — Polish, German, French, Italian, English, Hebrew, Scotch
and Irish.

Booth 15:

58. Chart — Endocrinopathic Inheritance. Pedigree chart showing the endocrino-

pathic deviations through successive generations of an original biparental
disturbance.

Booth 16:

59. Growth of the United States Population by Immigration and Increase in

Native Stock 013 maps and diagrams) by decades from 1790 to 1920 (Plates
38, Vol. II).

60. Two Charts —

(1) Declining birth rate among Mayflower descendants. Charts with two

curves to show decreasing fecundity in all descendants and in the
Brewster family.

(2) Approaching extinction of Mayflower descendants (Plate 24, Vol. I).

Curve to show that if decreased fecundity continues, in 300 years
all surviving descendants could be put back in Mayflower without
overcrowding.

61. Forecasting the Growth of Nations (four curves on two charts) (Plate 31, Vol.

II).

(1) Growth of population in United States.

(2) Curve representing France’s population, confirms the theory.

(3) Growth of populaton in Serbia.

(4) Curve showing the growth of a colony of fruit flies imprisoned in a

bottle. (Work of Prof. Raymond Pearl of Baltimore, Md.)

62. Chart — Comparison for Alabama of percentages of white and negroes having

tuberculosis, syphilis, gonococcus infection, neurasthenia, otitis
media, varicose veins, hernia, pes planus, and underweight, taken
from examinations at some camp.

44. Exhibitor: Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, Chief, Bureau of American Ethnology, Smith¬
sonian Institution, Washington, D. C.

Exhibits: Annual Reports and Bulletins of the Bureau of American Ethnology.

45. Exhibitor: Mr. Charles F. Fish, South Swansea, Mass.

Exhibits: Photographs of North American Indians. The full-blooded American Indian
is fast becoming a thing of the past. Negro and white crosses have been so numerous that
the full-blooded Indians are becoming fewer every year, and these, for the most part, are
gradually losing the distinguishing features of their particular tribe. After the great
round-up of the seventies, most of the Indians were located on reservations — part of them
being some distance from their original camping grounds. This had a marked effect on
most of the Indians. The high ideals, courage and bravery so characteristic of them
gave way to broken spirited public wards, either relying upon the government for support
or attempting to live by the unnatural methods of the white man. Such government
action was quite necessary, but nevertheless it had a marked effect on the Indians as a
race. In order to study the distinguishing types of the various tribes, one must go back
to the time when, with the tribe as a unit, they roamed free and independent.

The exhibit of typical types of North American Indians is made up principally of
photographs. The photographs were mostly taken from forty to sixty years ago and
include the leading and most noted chiefs of the different tribes of the Northern and

EXHIBITS AND EXHIBITORS

Southern Indians. They offer facial studies and dress, also the opportunity to compare
statures. Never again will the Indian return to his original condition, and any further
observation must be made from the living survivors of the old days or from photographs
which we now have, as it is growing harder each year to obtain likenesses showing the
independent spirit of the old days when they roamed the plains in freedom.

46. Exhibitor: Dr. C. H. Forsyth, Assistant Professor of Mathematics, Dartmouth
College, Hanover, N. H.

Exhibits: Graphic charts relative to the Trend of Longevity in the United States. The
scheme of constructing abridged mortality tables, explained in the Registrar-General’s
Report (British) for 1914, was employed, but the work was modified in accordance with
results presented by the exhibitor in the October, 1919, issue of the Bulletin of the Ameri¬
can Mathematical Society to construct eighteen abridged mortality tables based upon
the federal population and mortality statistics for the various classifications of the popu¬
lation of the United States for the three years 1890, 1900 and 1910 of the seven states
(Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island and
Vermont) which were the only states which were registration states throughout the two
decades 1890-1910, except for the year 1900, when the statistics for Vermont were neces¬
sarily omitted because of the faulty form in which the mortality statistics were published.

The exhibit then gives the most important results taken from these mortality tables
with the purpose of showing the probable trend of longevity in the United States. No
claims are made for any great accuracy in the numerical results themselves since all
ordinary statistical data of this kind are apt to be somewhat faulty and especially since
each mortality table is constructed from statistical data for a single year and must reflect
the peculiarities of that year. The final results of all the tables, however, check sufficiently
well to warrant considerable confidence in the general trend exhibited. As far as we
can find, these tables give the first estimates of the longevity of the various groups of
population covered by the federal statistics.

47. Exhibitor: Dr. Thomas R. Garth, Adjunct Professor of Psychology, University of
Texas, Austin, Texas.

Exhibits: Curves showing Racial Differences in Mental Fatigue (Plates 33, Vol II.)
Groups of White, Indian and Negro children were engaged continuously in a more or less
mental task, i.e., adding one place numbers on sheets already printed for the purpose.
Records were therefore made on sheets arranged in tablets; two minutes were given
for working on each sheet. The younger subjects worked 28 minutes; the older
subjects worked 42 minutes. The younger subjects were students from third and fourth
grades of public and United States Indian schools and the older subjects were taken from
seventh and eighth grades of same schools.

In both columns attempted and columns accurate, the Indians worked with less
falling away in efficiency toward the end than either the whites or the negroes, and the
whites excelled the negroes in this respect.

The curves shown herewith are expressed in terms of average per cents of total work
of the individuals of a sub-group. By taking the average per cent of work done in the
first six minutes and bringing it into relation with average work done in last six minutes by
a sub-group, it was shown that in the lower grades, or the younger groups, in attempts
the Indians gained 3.25 per cent, whites lost 3.00 per cent and negroes lost 12.10 per
cent; in accurates the Indians lost 8.40 per cent, whites lost 17.60 per cent and negroes
lost 27.20 per cent. In the upper grades it was thus: Attempts, Indians gained 2.0 per
cent, whites lost 4.00 per cent, and negroes lost 4.7 per cent; accurates, Indians lost 1.30
per cent, whites lost 10.20 per cent, and negroes lost 30.30 per cent.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EUGENICS

This and other handling of the data (See Journal of App. Psy., Vol. IV, pp. 235-244,
and Vol. V, pp. 14-25) indicate that the Indians, who were of the Plains and Forest
Indian tribes, tend to resist the onset of tendency to fall away in efficiency, or “mental
fatigue” more successfully than first the whites and then the negroes. It is not
known what other Indian tribes would do, who are not the Plains and Forest Indian
stock.

48. Exhibitor: Dr. John H. Gerould, Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H.

Exhibits: Heredity in Pierid butterflies.

Colias philodice

The exhibit showed two hereditary variations in caterpillar skin-color, olive and blue-
green, each of which is directly correlated with a corresponding eye color in the adult
butterfly.

A butterfly with olive-green eyes produces olive-green caterpillars. This color is
recessive to the normal yellow-green eye-color and caterpillar-color. The recessive olive
mutation not only affects eye-color but also gives an orange hue to the wing scales of the
butterfly. The under side of the hind wings and the tips of the fore wings, parts most
directly exposed during pupal development to the action of the blood, are distinctly
orange in this normally yellow species. The blood (haemolymph), however, is not visibly
olive or orange. It is of the normal yellow-green color.

The second mutation, however, is a blue-green variation in blood-color, recessive to
yellow-green. The butterfly has blue-green eyes, blue green blood, lays pure white (not
cream-white) eggs, producing conspicuous blue-green caterpillars, which lack the pink-
yellow lateral stigmatal line. That yellow is entirely left out of the caterpillar was proved
by the fact that certain hymenopterous parasites that had fed upon the blood of a blue-
green caterpillar spun not bright yellow cocoons like those spun by such parasites after
emerging from a yellow-green caterpillar, but pure white cocoons. The cast skin of
the pupa also lacks yellow. The missing yellow is probably xanthophylloid pigment
derived from chlorophyl of the food (clover). This variation does not affect the wing-
color of the butterfly.

Both of these mutants have appeared in the same family in a 9:3:4 ratio (9 yellow-
green: 3 olive: 4 blue-green), the double recessivies probably being the blue-green cater¬
pillars with a faint orange sheen that we observed in a family of this sort.

Hybrids

A hybrid cross between Colias eurytheme (orange) and C. philodice (yellow) was shown,
demonstrating the incomplete dominance of orange. Fi is intermediate, or pale orange;
F2 shows segregation of the orange-yellow producing factors. One of the families showed
also the transmission of a white sex-limited variation in wing-color of the female by an
orange ( eurytheme ) son of white female (and the mate of a yellow (philodice) female to
half of his hybrid daughters, 50 per cent of which were white, 50 per cent pale orange.

49. Exhibitor: Dr. W. M Goldsmith, Southwestern College, Winfield, Kansas.

Exhibits: “The Catlin Mark.” Model skull, 4 photographs, and 1 diagram showing

the location of the mark, an unusual opening in the parietal bones. Family history chart
showing its presence in several generations (Plate 5, Vol. I).

50. Exhibitor: Mr. Charles W. Gould, Retired from the Bar, 5 Washington Square,
North, New York, N. Y.

EXHIBITS AND EXHIBITORS

Exhibits: One book. “America: A Family Matter” is a study of the causes which led
to the downfall of the human intelligence in the Dark Ages. The preliminary discussion
would seem to show that the thoroughbred is the best animal and that care in reproduction
is necessary to produce and preserve a fine strain. The argument is that as man is an
animal, he is governed by the animal law and to produce the finest men physically of any
one strain, crossmating should be avoided, — in short that the same care should be exercised
as is taken of our domestic animals.

It is further argued that in a pure blooded carefully reproduced race, intelligence which
is based upon the action of a material substance called the brain, will be improved by the
improvement of the material substance of the brain which, like the muscles and organs of
the body, will respond to care in reproduction.

This being the scientific or theoretical side of the question to history, the appeal is then
made. The stories of Egypt, Greece and Rome are hastily sketched, and in each instance,
the downfall of the race is found to be practically contemporaneous with hybridizing and
mongrelization of the people.

These scientific and historic facts are then applied in a brief way to the study of condi¬
tions in the United States. The deplorable results of our lavish importation of cheap
labor with the introduction of many different racial strains are noted, and the consequent
loss of the singular advantage of our afore-time race purity is shown.

51. Exhibitor: Mr. Madison Grant, 111 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

Exhibits: One book and a series of maps dealing with migration and distribution of
races. The principal feature of this exhibit consisted of enlarged copies of the several
maps which appeared in the exhibitor’s book, “The Passing of the Great Race.” These
maps showed first, the “Maximum Expansion of Alpines with Bronze Culture — 3000-1800
B.C.,” second, “Expansion of the Pre-Teutonic Nordics — 1800-100 B. C.” third, “Expan¬
sion of the Teutonic Nordics and Slavic Alpines — 100 B.C. — 1100 A.D.,” and fourth,
“Present Distribution of European Races.”

52. Exhibitor: Harcourt, Brace & Company, Publishers of Books, 1 West 47th Street,
New York, N. Y.

Exhibits: One book.

53. Exhibitor: Harper & Brothers, Book Publishers, Franklin Square, New York, N. Y.

Exhibits: Seven Books on Americanization, as follows: “The Schooling of the Immi¬
grant,” by Frank V. Thompson. “America via The Neighborhood,” by John Daniels.
“Negro Faces in America;” “Old World Traits Transplanted,” by Herbert A. Miller
and Robert E. Park, “immigrant Health and The Community,” by Michael M. Davis,
Jr.; “A Stake in the Land,” by Peter A. Speek. “New Homes for Old,” by S. P. Brecken-
ridge.

54. Exhibitor: Dr. Hornell Hart, Head of the Sociological Divison of the Iowa Child
Welfare Research Station, Iowa City, la.

Exhibits: A four-dimensional chart illustrating fecundity in relation to three other
variables. The data used in the investigation were the returns of the 1915 Iowa State
census by counties. The index of fecundity used is the number of children under five
years of age per 1000 women twenty-one to forty-four years of age. This is represented
on the chart by the vertical dimension. The higher the surface is, the larger is the number
of children per 1000 women. The three variables with which this index of fecundity is
correlated are: first, the percentage of the populations of the various counties living in in¬
corporated places; second, the percentage of persons over school age who have attended
school eight or more years; and third, the percentage of persons twenty-one to forty-four
years of age owning homes.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EUGENICS

Of these three variables the first — indicating the percentage of urban population —
is represented by the depth of the chart, from front to rear. It will be noted that the
back of the chart, representing conditions in almost wholly rural counties, is two or three
times as high as the front, which represents conditions in counties almost wholly urban.
This means that the fecundity is very decidedly lower in cities than in rural districts,
the other two factors being equal. The surface is curved from front to rear. This
indicates the fact thht in the most rural counties, the presence of small towns makes
relatively little difference in the fecundity, while in counties containing good sized cities
the proportion of urban population has much more decided relationship to the birth rate.

The second variable, indicating the extent of education among adults of the counties,
is represented in the width dimension of the three un^ts in the chart. It will be noted that
the right hand side of each unit is higher than the left hand. This indicates the fact that
fecundity is higher in communities with fewer well educated adults than it is in communities
with a large number of educated adults, provided that the other two variables are constant.

The third variable, percentage of middle-aged adults owning homes, is represented by
the positions of the units from right to left. The right hand unit represents fecundity
when home ownership is at a minimum, the left hand unit represents fecundity when home
ownership is at a maximum. The fact indicated is that when the other two variables are
constant, home ownership is inversely correlated with fecundity. If the simple correlation
between fecundity and home ownership is calculated, it appears that the correlation is
positive, because home ownership is more common in rural districts than in cities. Partial
correlation is needed here to bring out the true relationship.

The tendencies shown by the partial regression surface in the chart may be summarized
by saying that the highest fecundity tends to occur in rural communities inhabited by
poorly educated tenant farmers, while the lowest fecundity tends to occur in urban
communities inhabited by highly educated individuals, a large proportion of whom own
their own homes.

55. Exhibitor: Harvard University Press, Publishers and Printers, Randall Hall,
Cambridge 38, Mass.

Exhibits: One book. Castle’s “ Gentics and Eugenics” second revised edition by
William E. Castle, Professor of Zoology in Harvard University and Research Associate of
Carnegie Institution of Washington.

56. Exhibitor: Prof. Leon A. Hausman, Instructor of Biology and Protozoology,
Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Exhibits: Reprint of paper on “ Hair Coloration in Animals.” In this the author points
out the structural characters of hair pigmentation in mammals, and from a cursory survey
of hair from various races of mankind advances the notion that possibly the character of
the pigment granules in the cortex of the hair, as well as the character of the patterns which
they form, may be of use in helping to determine racial affinities. At least there is a
definite variation (as far as the author has noted) in the shape, size, and color value of
the pigment granules, and in the shape, size and distribution of the granule patterns
in the cortex of the hair, in the different races.

57. Exhibitor: Henry Holt & Company, 19 West 44th Street, New York, N. Y.

Exhibits: Collection of books: Yerkes’ “Army Mental Test.” Chapman’s “Grade

Tests.” Davenport’s “Heredity in Relation to Eugenics.” Semple’s “Influences of
Geographical Environment.”

58. Exhibitor: Houghton, Mifflin Company, Book Publishers, 4 Park Street, Boston,
Mass.

EXHIBITS AND EXHIBITORS

Exhibits: Books on Mental Measurements, as follows: “intelligence of Schoolchildren,
by Dr. Louis M. Terman; “Measurement of Intelligence by Dr. Louis M. Terman; “Test
Material for the Measurement of Intelligence .”

This includes all the printed matter necessary and also six cards showing how to score
results of pencil and paper tests. A copy of the record booklet is included in each set of
test material.

Record Booklet: This was especially devised for testing with Stanford Revision of The
Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale.

Condensed Guide for the Binet-Simon Intelligence Test and Abbreviated Filing
Record Cards.

59. Exhibitor: Dr. Lucien Howe, Ophthalmic Surgeon, 520 Delaware Avenue, Buffalo,
N. Y.

Exhibits: Charts and Demonstration of Hereditary Eye Defects, also living rabbits
showing “Guyer’s results.” Dr. Lucien Howe, Buffalo, gave a demonstration of hereditary
blindness in rabbits, produced by serologic methods. These results were obtained first by
Prof. Michael F. Guyer of the University of Wisconsin. His method was to asphyxiate
or otherwise kill three or four rabbits, remove the lenses, make an emulsion of the lens
substance, and inject that emulsion in carefully increasing doses into a fowl until the fowl
was sensitized to the rabbit lens.

A female rabbit was then selected, which he had reason to suppose was pregnant about
the tenth to the fifteenth day, that being the time when the foetal eye was in the process of
formation. Into this pregnant rabbit, the serum of the sensitized fowl was injected, also
in gradually increasing doses. As a result, he obtained imperfect eyes in the next genera¬
tion. Then he mated these defectives and secured others, still more defective, until he
had obtained a whole series. The specimen shown here is one of Prof. Guyer’s rabbits
which has practically no eyes at all. Most of them have cataract, usually with compli¬
cations.

A number of pedigree charts were shown in this exhibit, illustrating the different rules
of inheritance of many eye defects, such as cataract, glaucoma, coloboma, iritis, de¬
formity of inner canthus, etc.

60. Exhibitor: Dr. Ales Ilrdlicka, for the U. S. National Museum and Smithsonian
Institution, Curator, Division of Physical Anthropology, U. S. National Museum, Wash¬
ington, D. C.

Exhibits: Variation, Heredity, Reversion, etc., in Man. These exhibits, on account of
their importance, were given a separate alcove in the Darwin Hall where they filled seven
cases. They related to Evolution, Variation, Reversion and Inheritance, in different
parts of the human body.

Case I was filled with a phylogenetic series of brains of the Primates, including Man,
cast by the gelatine method from originals hardened in situ (within the skull), and pre¬
served in the United States National Museum. They included the brains of: adult
gibbon, orang, chimpanzee and gorilla, the first series of adult brains of these apes it was
ever possible to bring together. The same case also included three racial brains showing
extremes of variation, under normal conditions, in the brain convolutions.

In the next five cases the following series was exhibited: Normal variation in the size
of the skull; in the lower jaw; in the atlas and axis; in the first rib; in the sternum; in the
scapula; in the sacrum; in the patella; and in the shape of the shaft at middle of the femur,
tibia and fibula. A series of skulls of the American Indian showed the persistence to this
day of Neanderthaloid forms and other primitive features. A series of scapulae was
shown next demonstrating various evolutionary stages of this bone.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OE EUGENICS

Examples of reversion were presented in a series of humeri showing variously developed
supra-condyloid processes; and in a series of crania showing various forms of temporo-
frontal articulation.

The hereditary transmission of recently acquired characters was illustrated by a series
of five pre-Colombian crania from one cemetery on the coast of Peru, showing each a
complete absence of the auditory apparatus on the right side of the skull; and by a large
series of crania also from Peru, showing the great multiplication and diversification among
these people of various forms of the so-called “Inca Bone.”

The seventh case was filled with a series of specimens of hair showing the whole range
of variation of this feature as met with in the study of upwards of 1800 representatives of
the oldest American families.

Finally in an upright case was exhibited a large chart showing the results of measure¬
ments and tests on the Old Americans (Plate 18, vol. II).

Many of the individual specimens in the above exhibits were of unique nature. The
main object of the exhibits was to demonstrate the facts of the existence of extensive
normal variation in all parts of the skeleton as well as the rest of the body; to show that
with enough material at our disposal we may connect by direct gradations any existing
form with the form from which it was originally derived; and to illustrate the propagation
by inheritance of new morphological and even of very definite and important pathomor-
phological conditions. The chart, finally, of the Old Americans showed clearly conditions
of direct concern to eugenics in this country.

61. Exhibitor: Professor Ellsworth Huntington, 650 Canton Avenue, Milton, Mass.

Exhibits: (1) Ten maps illustrating the relation of climate to health, energy and
civilization.

(a) Annual excess of births over deaths in Europe (Eastern Europe and Balkan States
showing highest rate).

(b) Climatic energy in Europe (England, Northern France, Denmark, North Germany
and Southern Scandinavia showing best conditions).

(c) Civilization in Europe before the Great War (Central Europe, England and South
Scandinavia showing highest degree of civilization).

(d) The Health of Europe (South England, Scandinavia, Northeastern France, Den¬
mark and Northwestern Germany, — the regions of best health).

(e) Climatic energy in the United States (Northeastern states showing the most
favorable conditions).

(f) Mortality in the United States. Highest mortality rates shown in the Southern
states.

(g) Distribution of civilization in the United States. Northeastern states and
Pacific Coast occupy highest rank.

(h) Number of children born each year in Europe per 1,000 women 15 to 49 years.
Eastern Europe, South Russia, and the Balkan States showing the highest rate.

(i) The distribution of civilization in the world. The centers of civilization showing
in Central Europe, Eastern United States and Pacific Coast, South Australia.

(j) The distribution of human energy on the basis of climate. Map of the world
showing great analogy to the preceding.

(2) Chart : Changes of Climate for 300 years, their effect on natural selection and the
mixture of races. The curve of this diagram is based on growth of 450 big trees of Cali¬
fornia; the high parts of the curve indicating more storms and rain, i.e., highly favorable
conditions for crops and human health and efficiency.

EXHIBITS AND EXHIBITORS

(3) Chart: The Stimulus of Storms, — curve showing the stimulating effect of storms
on human efficiency.

Chart: The Effect of the Seasons on F actory Operatives, — comparative curves showing
relation of efficiency and temperature and seasons.

(4) One copy “The Climatic Factor.” One copy “Civilization and Climate.” Nine
publications.

62. Exhibitor: Indian Eugenics Society, Imperial Hotel, Lahore, India.

Exhibits: Photograph of organization and pamphlets. The exhibit of this society
consisted of a photograph of the Organization Committee. The popular Indian name
of the society is Hindusthan Jatisudhar Sabha. The society was established at Lahore,
India, on Monday, June 20, 1921, through the untiring efforts, and in the beginning,
single-handed, hard work of the Honorary Organizer, Professor Gopalji Ahluwalia.

63. Exhibitor: Indiana Board of State Charities, 404 State House, Indianapolis, Ind.

Exhibits: Four charts. Chart 1 outlines the state’s provision for the care of depend¬
ents, defectives and delinquents, under the three heads of state, county and city.
The governor, at the head of the system, appoints the Board of State Charities, which
exercises general supervision, the State Board of Accounts, which examines into fiscal
affairs, and the Board of Trustees of each of the twenty state institutions. Eight of these
twenty institutions are for mental cases — five for the insane, two for the feebleminded, one
for the epileptic. There is also, at the State Prison, a hospital for insane criminals.
Several of these institutions have farm colonies.

Chart 2 specifies the purpose and duty of the Board of State Charities, and the various
institutions under its supervision, the expenditures of which amount annually to $6,600,000.
Chart 3 describes briefly what has been learned to date by the Indiana Committee on
Mental Defectives, through its survey of ten representative counties. The committee
has listed 5,322 insane, feebleminded and epileptic persons in these ten counties, from
which it estimates that 2 . 1 per cent of the state’s population is defective. The committee
was first appointed by request of the Board of State Charities. Chart 4 refers to the
Indiana sterilization law. The law was passed in 1907 and made to apply to confirmed
criminals, idiots, rapists and imbeciles. Two hundred and eighteen operations were
performed under it. The law was declared unconstitutional in 1921, on the ground that the
person concerned was not given a hearing, this constituting a violation of the fourteenth
amendment to the federal constitution.

64. Exhibitor: Dr. Donald F. Jones, Plant Breeder, Connecticut Agricultural Experi¬
ment Station, New Haven, Conn.

Exhibits: Selective fertilization. Pollen from a white, smooth starchy seeded pure
breeding type of maize when mixed with pollen from a yellow, wrinkled sweet type and
applied at the same time to the pistils of the two types, gives self and cross-fertilized seeds
on each inflorescence which can be distinguished. Results from many such pollen mixtures
show that with maize there is a marked tendency for that plant’s own pollen to be more
effective in accomplishing fertilization than pollen from related but generically somewhat
different plants.

65. Exhibitor: The Journal of Applied Psychology, Clark University, Worcester, Mass.

Exhibits: Six copies of The Journal of Applied Psychology.

66. Exhibitor: Dr. Wilhelmine Key, Investigator and Teacher, Race Betterment
Foundation, Battle Creek, Michigan.

Exhibits: Publications and charts.

Publications: (1) Feeble-minded Citizens of Pennsylvania — Report of a survey showing
the need of segregation of cacogenic stocks.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EUGENICS

(2) Heredity and Social Fitness — A Study of Differential Mating in a Pennsylvania
Family. Carnegie Publication No. 296.

(3) Better American Families — Series of papers in Journal of Heredity showing the
value of sound stock in America’s industrial, social and political development.

Charts: (1) Three charts illustrative of Heredity and Social Fitness in the “Rufer
Family.” Five lines spring from Aaron Rufer, a strong, plucky pioneer, having good
ability to calculate, and Mary, his easy-going wife, who was totally lacking in sense of
number and proportion. Their five children showed noticeable presence or absence of
these traits, and through their marriages founded widely divergent lines. Founders of
lines A, B, and C, though weak in certain traits, were superior to founders of Lines D
and E. Marriage usually occurred with representative of stocks possessing these traits
in good measure, and has resulted in the practical blotting out of the defects of the founders.
Founders of lines D and E were markedly defective; marriage usually occurring with
degenerate offshoots of bad and mixed strains has resulted in line D in many drunkards,
paupers, prostitutes, and thieves, while line E has been persistently imbecile.

(2) Chart showing differential migration in the Rufer Family. The active, able
members of lines A, B, and C have pushed out into other sections of the country, there
developing its resources and leaving the unfit members (lines D and E) behind to become a
burden on the public, a physical and moral menace to the community.

67. Exhibitor: Miss Susan Ricker Knox, Artist-Painter, 219 East 19th Street, New
York City, N. Y.

Exhibits: Sixteen paintings in oil colors. Group studies of immigrant types. These
studies were made while the everyday processes of immigrant inspection at America’s
greatest receiving station were uninterruptedly going on. They were made in the registra¬
tion room, the railroad room and the deporting and detention room. They had to be made
swiftly because the groups were constantly shifting, even in the deporting and detention
room where letters, telegrams and special inquiry orders were constantly being delivered
and admissions and deportation intermittently going on. The individuals in the groups
were, in most part, unconscious of being painted — the object of the painter being to get
them as they were without pose or affectation on their part.

The pathos of deportation orders, of news of deaths in hospitals of members of the
immigrants’ families, or delays in arrival of expected friends, funds, letters, or telegrams,
was constantly making its appeal to the artist’s sympathy and adding to the difficulties of
the work.

Most of the canvases portray women and children only, because the greater part of the
work was done in the women’s section.

The studies were painted simply because the subject involved thrilled the painter and
she, in turn, tried to bring out the self-respect, self-restraint and devotion — the spirit
which characterized the majority of the home seeking immigrants that came under her
observation.

68. Exhibitor: Dr. Margaret W. Koenig, Medical Social Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Exhibits: Seventeen pedigree charts showing Heredity of Tuberculosis among the

Nebraska Winnebago Indians. These charts were constructed as the result of a social
study on an Indian reservation, with particular reference to tuberculosis. Cf. “Tubercu¬
losis among the Nebraska Winnebago,” published by the Nebraska State Historical
Society, Lincoln, Nebraska. They represent the family distribution of tuberculosis based
upon the actual incidence of the disease in the tribe studied and involve one hundred and
ten single families or over one-third of the families on the reservation.

EXHIBITS AND EXHIBITORS

All marriages, of which information could be obtained from the family histories, are
shown on the charts. All unions are marriage by “tribal custom”1 unless designated by
the term “legal marriage.” Owing to the great frequency of marriage, the line of descent
is constantly broken. To the extent that it was possible to secure family histories, the
line of descent is traced principally through the female, and wherever possible, through the
male line.

The chief purpose of the charts is to present an intelligible picture of Winnebago
Indian life — to visualize the incidence of tuberculosis and the environmental factors
surrounding and contributing to the moral and physical decline of this once fine-looking
and stalwart people. A glance at the charts convinces one of the wide-spread occurrence
of the disease. Generally speaking, examination of the charts shows no tuberculosis in
the first generations and but an occasional case in the second. A few cases creep in in
the third and in the fourth and fifth generations many cases appear. The number of
cases per family ranges from two in the smallest to fifty-five in the largest. Some families
are much more afflicted than others. Family 17 shows the smallest number of cases.
This is an old type Indian family who still cling to the old traditions and keep up the old
time customs. Since there has been little intermarriage with other races, the stream of
blood in this family is almost pure Indian. Another interesting point that the charts
show is the numerous instances of infected offspring from parents, one of whom is a
descendant of a tuberculous family.

69. Exhibitor: J. B. Lippincott Company, Publishers, 227 South 6th Street, Philadel¬
phia, Pa.

Exhibits: Books as follows: Keibel and Mall, 2 volume standard text book of “Embry¬
ology,” — the most complete treatise on this subject in English. Four volumes from the
series of Monographs on Experimental Biology and Physiology contributed by Morgan,
East, Jones and Parker. Woodrow’s “Brightness and Dullness in Children, ’’Melville’s
“Testing Juvenile Mentality.”

Examples were shown of Dearborn’s group “intelligence Tests,” Series I and Series II,
covering grades I to IX inclusive. These tests are arranged with a minimum linguistic
requirement. Lippincott-Chapman “School Room Product Survey Tests” presenting
on one sheet reading and arithmetic tests, together with scoring norms. Watson’s text
book of Psychology, representing the behavioristic school of psychological thought.

70. Exhibitor: Dr. C. C. Little, Assistant Director, Station for Experimental Evolution,
Department of Genetics, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Cold Spring Harbor, Long
Island, N. Y.

Exhibits: Lethal factors in mammals. Yellow mice which are not viable in a homozy¬
gous condition. They represent a mendelian color variety dominant over non-yellow
(agouti or black) and exist in an adult condition only as heterozygotes. Black-eyed white
mice not viable in a homozygous condition. They represent a mendelian color variety, a
type of spotting dominant over the ordinary piebald variety. As adults they exist only
in a heterozygous condition.

71. Exhibitor: Dr. A. J. Lotka, 27 McDonough Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Exhibits: Two charts based on birth rate, death rate and the mean length of life.

1 This is simply the abandonment of the spouse and perhaps the immediate marriage
by Indian custom of another, merely the selecting of a mate and living together by mutual
consent.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EUGENICS

72. Exhibitor: Dr. Lucien March, Vice President de la Societe francaise d’Eugenique,
Directeur honoraire de la Statistique Generale de la France, 97 Quai D’Orsay, Paris,
France.

Exhibits: Graphic pictures, statistical tables and a copy of “Revue Eugenique.”

(1) One volume of consecutive numbers of the “Revue Eugenique” publication of the
the Societe Francaise d’Eugenique, 4 Avenue Malakoff, Paris, (16) founded in 1913.

(2) Two graphic pictures of the Statistique Generale de la France, descriptive of certain
results of family statistics. Influence of the number of deceased children on the number
of births of the following year. Influence of the social condition upon the birth rate and
the number of those children surviving to adult age. Influence of the order of birth upon
the mortality in the same family.

(3) Two graphic representations compiled by the Society Francaise d’Eugenique.
Family diseases, studied by Dr. Apert. Study on the return to type in human matings, by
Dr. Lacemonier.

73. Exhibitor: Mrs. John Martin, 37 Howard Avenue, Tompkinsville, Staten Island,
N. Y.

Exhibits: One book and a number of charts. This exhibit comprised a copy of the book
Is Mankind Advancing?” and the enlargement of a number of charts taken from the text
of this volume. The charts showed graphically the relative and absolute incidence of
men of very superior talent in several lines of human endeavor by nation and century.

74. Exhibitor: Mrs. Ruth Moxcey Martin, Woodbury, Conn.

Exhibits: Chart Showing Survival of Original Surnames in the Town of Woodbury,
Conn. One of the oldest of American interior settlements was made in 1672 by a group of
Yankees of Stratford, Conn., who decided to go as pioneers farther inland among Connec¬
ticut hills. Woodbury of the accompanying chart was the result. Cothren, in his history
of Ancient Woodbury, gives full details of this immigration into land occupied at that time
by Indians only.

In 1673 there were fourteen distinct surnames among the signers of the so-called
“Fundamental Articles.” The settlement thus began in 1672 was in 1674 made a town.
Of the fourteen different surnames, among the original signers, ten are today (1921)
frequent surnames in the town.

Of these ten surnames one is, however, no longer the original Yankee name of Johnson,
but Swedish Johnson instead. There are nevertheless, in an adjacent town, some of the
original Yankee Johnsons.

The chart shows graphically to what extent original names (and thus in part original
blood) of Yankee settlers have persisted in the town.

Columns 2, 3, 4, and 5 of the chart are, as in the case of column 1, compiled from special
lists of property holders, proprietors of original grants, lists of taxes laid in the town, etc.,
etc. These sources contained at least the more frequent, and in standpoint of citizenship,
the more important, names of the town.

Columns 6, 7 and 9 are much more comprehensive. For these, lists containing
names of all inhabitants of the town were used. Such lists were government census reports,
special census given in Cothren’s history, or names found in vital statistics covering a
period of thirty years.

Column 8 contains ninety names only. This column was compiled from names of
families to which Mr. Cothren has devoted some pages of genealogical data. Mr. Cothren
himself told friends yet living that this list was not as full as might have been, had all of
whom he solicited been prompt or willing to cooperate. These 90 names are therefore more

EXHIBITS AND EXHIBITORS

especially names of families sufficiently interested to provide material and assist in Mr.
Cothren’s efforts.

The final column, 10, is a complete list of male surnames in the town of Woodbury in
1913-14 plus (in red ink or starred) maiden names of wives, many of whose surnames once
known in Woodbury, were superficially extinct, i.e., the male line of certain surnames had
ceased in Woodbury, yet the blood of those surnames was often definitely present as in¬
dicated by wives’ maiden names.

By reading this chart across from left to right on any given surname, it can be approxi¬
mately ascertained how long the heredity of any one blood (to the extent indicated by a
surname) has persisted in the town.

The chart by its very nature cannot indicate how great or how small is the proportion
of each blood line. But it does give a picture, interesting to the student of eugenics
and heredity, of the persistence in one New England town, of surnames of original Yankee
stock.

It shows, as well (through maiden names in red ink or starred) what is observable in
any study of heredity as associated with surnames, namely, the continuation of the same
strain of blood even though the name has not persisted.

The chart has still another phase of eugenic interest. The period of South of Europe
immigration and later the period of North of Europe immigration are evident. Celtic
and Latin names appear among the names of columns 6-9, while in the chronologically
much later column 10 appear Swedish, German, Polish, etc., names.

75. Exhibitor: Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 1 Madison Avenue, New York,
N. Y.

Exhibits: Graphic charts or racial mortality in the United States. Six graphic charts
were shown in an electrically illuminated upright stand. The mortality of the principal
foreign born race stocks in New York State, 1910, was shown by sex, by principal age
divisions, and for important causes of death. A table was also shown, giving the expecta¬
tion of life at age 10 for persons born in the United States of native parentage, and for
each of the foreign race stocks by country of origin.

Comparing all foreign born persons with the native born of native parentage, it was
found that the mortality rates for all causes of death combined were higher after age
twenty-five for both sexes than for the native born of native parentage. The figures for
the expectation of life at age 10 showed that among males, the greatest expectation of
after-life span (53.4 years) was recorded for Russian-born males (mostly Jews). Males
born in the United States of native-born parentage showed an expectation of 53.0 years.
The expectation for other race stocks at age 10 for males was as follows: Italian, 51.9
years; English, Scotch and Welsh, 50.3 years; Germans, 49.4 years; and Irish, 38.7 years.
Among females, the expectation of life at age 10 was greatest for persons born in the
United States of native parentage (55.9 years).

In decreasing order, the expectation for females of the several stocks at age 10 was as
follows: Native-born of native parentage, 55.9 years; Russians (mostly Jews), 55.8 years;
Germans, 54.4 years; Italians, 52.9 years; English, Scotch and Welsh, 52.7 years; and
Irish, 45.9 years.

Five charts were shown for the death rates from principal diseases and conditions
standardized for the group of ages at and above age 10, and shown for each sex.

76. Exhibitor: C. V. Mosby Company, Medical Book Publishers, 508 N. Grand Avenue,
St. Louis, Mo.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OE EUGENICS

Exhibits: Books as follows: “Personal Beauty and Racial Betterment,” by Prof.
Knight Dunlap, of Johns Hopkins University, and “Sex Attraction,” by Dr. Victor C.
Vaughan, Director of the Medical Division of the National Research Council.

77. Exhibitor: Prof. Garry C. Myers, Cleveland School of Education, Cleveland, Ohio.

Exhibits: A set of Intelligence Tests. The Myers Mental Measure, A Group Intelli¬
gence Test for all ages from kindergarten to university, a continuous scale;— An outgrowth
of Alpha, Beta, and Stanford-Binet and the author’s experience in army testing. Stand¬
ardized on about 15,000 cases, it correlates closely with Stanford-Binet.

Reprint, A Group Intelligence Test,” School and Society , September 20, 1919, Vol.
10:355-360. Shows statistical development of “Myers Mental Measure.” Reprint,
“Comparative Intelligence Ratings of Three Social Groups within the Same School,”
School and Society, April 30, 1921, Vol. 13:536— 539. Intelligence ratings strongly improve
with the quality of the social group. Reprint, “Intelligence of Troops Infected with Hook¬
worm vs. Those not Infected.” Ped. Sent., October, 1920, Vol. 27:211-242. A study
of 13,278 cases. Elaborate graphs and tables showing non-inf ected troops rating much
better in intelligence than the infected troops.

78. Exhibitor: Narragansett Machine Company, Manufacturers of Gymnastic Appara¬
tus, Providence, R. I.

Exhibits: Anthropometric Apparatus.

Anthropometric apparatus: The apparatus exhibited by the Narragansett Machine
Company, of Providence, R. I., is made for use in determining physical standing of the
subject, the exercises he should take and any changes brought about by the exercises.

Stadiometer or Height Stand: This is made according to the American Physical
Education Association rule with the base 18 inches square and 12 inches high. The rod
is maple, graduated to inches and tenths on one edge and millimeters on the other. The
sliding arm is arranged to measure from its upper as well as lower surface for knee heights,
etc. An extension of the sliding arm makes it easy to operate and read from the floor.

Chest Depth Caliper: This caliper was designed specially for taking maximum and
minimum chest depths at the same time. It is light and easy to handle, being made of
aluminum and weighing only twelve ounces. The pressure is constant, being applied by
a spring, hence the indications are independent of the observer. Its capacity is from 4 to
10.6 inches or 10 to 27 centimeters. The scales are interchangeable.

In use the caliper is held horizontal with the arm of the subject in the bow.

Shoulder Breadth Caliper: This is the common form of sliding arm caliper for measuring
chest, hips, etc. It is made of maple, graduated to inches and tenths to inches and milli¬
meters.

Wet Spirometer: The wet spirometer is designed to measure lung capacity or maximum
inhalation. It consists of a balanced cylinder of known volume arranged to rise and fall
in a water tank. One of the supporting columns is graduated to cubic inches on one scale
and to cubic decimeters on the other side. Antiseptic mount pieces are provided.

Manuometer: The Manuometer or grip dynamometer is used for testing the muscles
of the hand and forearm. This form records correctly all pressure applied to it, and cannot
be overstrained or made to record high by bringing all the pressure to bear on the centre.

The graduation may be metric or English. It is held in the hand, dial towards the palm
and top against the fingers.

Push and Pull Attachment: A sliding frame to hold the manuometer so that push and
pull tests, not exceeding 200 pounds (100 kilos) may be made.

Back, Leg and Chest Dynamometer: For making strength tests of the back and legs.
It has a capacity of 2000 pounds (900 kilos). For use it has standard base and handle.

EXHIBITS AND EXHIBITORS

79. Exhibitor: National Association for the Study & Education of Exceptional Chil¬
dren, 276 West 94th Street, New York, N. Y.

Exhibits: Chart, books, pamphlets. This exhibit consisted of (a) a chart explaining
the organization and purpose of the National Association for the Study and Education
of Exceptional Children, and (b) eighteen books and pamphlets bearing on the special
problem of the backward child.

80. Exhibitor: National Child Labor Committee, 105 East 22d Street, New York,N.Y.

Exhibits: Pamphlets. A copy of the quarterly magazine, The American Child, which

in each successive issue, contains the current history of child labor reform, the results of
special investigation and research, and the fruits of the best constructive thought in the
field covered by the magazine.

“Child Welfare in Tennessee,” an inquiry by the National Child Labor Committee
for the Tennessee Child Welfare Commission.

Child Labor Facts.

81. Exhibitor: National Child Welfare Association, 70 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y.

Exhibits: Picture-panels on prenatal care, care of infants, health, education, foods.

The exhibit consisted of a selection of seventy-nine of the Association’s educational picture-
panels for teaching health habits. They are intended for use in schools, clinics, health
centers, settlements, hospitals and wherever hygiene progaganda work is needful.

82. Exhibitor: National Committee for Mental Hygiene, 50 Union Square, New York,
N. Y.

Exhibits: Seven publications of the Society.

83. Exhibitor: National Health Council, Coordinator of voluntary health agencies,
370 Seventh Avenue, New York, N. Y.

Exhibits: One organization chart. The exhibit of the National Health Council is
merely an organization chart showing the members of the Council, their officers, com¬
mittees, and the functions and services of the Council as they appeared six months after
organization. The list of members at that time included the American Social Hygiene
Association, the National Committee for Mental Hygiene, the National Organization
for Public Health Nursing, the National Tuberculosis Association, the American Public
Health Association, the American Red Cross, the American Society for the Control of
Cancer, the Conference of State and Provincial Health Authorities of North America,
Committee on Health and Public Instruction of the American Medical Association and
the National Child Health Council.

The organizations cooperating through the National Child Health Council are also
shown. These include the American Child Hygiene Association, the Child Health Organi¬
zation of America and the National Child Labor Committee.

The conference member, the United States Public Health Service, is shown in a way
that brings out its relationship to the Council.

The functions and services of the Council are listed as: Washington Activites, General
Information Service, the Common Service Committee, the Health Coordination Activities,
Publications and other services. The Interstaff conference groups are also shown and
possible future relations are projected, especially relations with state and local cooordinated
organizations.

84. Exhibitor: New York State Commission for Mental Defectives, 105 East 22nd
Street, New York, N. Y.

Exhibits: Four charts (Plate 44, Vol. II) showing the following: (1) Clinics 1920-1921
(some statistics on clinics and their work). (2) Work of Field Agents. (3) Distribution
of Clinics (map of United States). (4) Forms used.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EUGENICS

85. Exhibitor: New York State Department of Health, Albany, N. Y.

Exhibits: Organization chart of the Department.

86. Exhibitor: Honorable Harry Olson, Chief Justice, Municipal Court of Chicagp,
Chicago, Illinois.

Exhibits: Four reports of the Psychopathic Laboratory of the Chicago Municipal
Court.

87. Exhibitor: Osborn Biological Library, American Museum of Natural History, 77th
Street and Central Park West, New York, N. Y.

Exhibits: Pamphlets and books dealing with the problems of heredity and evolution.

88. Exhibitor: Professor Serafino Patellani, Corso Magento, 60, Milan, Italy.

Exhibits: Ten Bulletins on eugenics.

89. Exhibitor: Dr. Stewart Paton, Princeton University, Princeton, N. J.

Exhibits: Book, “Human Behavior.”

90. Exhibitor: Professor Theophilus S. Painter, Department of Zoology, University of
Texas, Austin, Texas.

Exhibits: One chart. The chart “The Chromosomes of Man” (plate 1, Vol I.) gives
the essential results of a study on human spermatogenesis made by the author. Figures 1
and 2 show that there are 48 chromosomes (24 pairs) in the germ cells (spermatosonia)
of a white man, this number including the body labeled “Y.” The negro (figs. 3 and 4)
shows the same number of chromosomes and the presence of the Y chromosome. In
figures 5 and 6 the chromosomes of the white man and the negro are compared. They
are alike in general form and in number. Figure 7 shows the ‘‘reduced” chromosome
number of man to be 24. Figure 8 shows the sex chromosomes of man which are of the
X-Y type. When such a cell divides, the X chromosome goes to one pole and the Y to
the other. This is shown in figure 9 taken from a white man, and in figure 10 which is
from negro material. As a result of this, one half of the sperm will carry an X chromo¬
some, and one half will carry a Y chromosome. Sex determination in man then is simply
a matter of which sort of sperm fertilizes the egg. If the sperm carries an X chromosome,
then the resulting offspring is a female, but if the sperm carries a Y chromosome, a son
will result.

91. Exhibitor: Dr. William Patten, Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H.

Exhibits: One copy “Growth” — introduction to the freshman course in Evolution.

92. Exhibitor: Prof* Raymond Pearl, Professor of Biometry and Vital Statistics,
School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.

Exhibits: Organization chart, of the staff and the different lines of research activity of
the Department of Biometry and Vital Statistics of the School of Hygiene and Public
Health of the Johns Hopkins University. (See also page 25.)

Diagrams showing census and vital statistics of the County of London, central area,
and Greater London (two charts, ten diagrams) :

(1) Population of London and the County of London. Census statistics 1801-1911.

(2) Comparative curves showing growth of population of London, New York, Paris,
Berlin and Vienna.

(3) Growth of population of the city of London and each Metropolitan Borough
1801-1911.

(4) London Metropolitan Boroughs (continued).

(5) Birth and death rates, London, 1841-1919.

(6) Death rates according to ages and causes. County of London, 1918.

(7) Comparison of birth and death rates. County of London, 1914-1919.

EXHIBITS AND EXHIBITORS

(8) Pauperism. England and Wales, including London.

(9) All paupers.

(10) Lunacy and mental deficiency.

93. Exhibitor: Dr. James P. Porter, Clark University, Worcester, Mass.

Exhibits: Two charts showing children’s effort at illustrating their first reading. Six
copies of Journal of Applied Psychology.

94. Exhibitor: Dr. H. W. Potter, Letchworth Village, Thiells, N. Y.

Exhibits: One cloth chart (9 by 7 feet), Mental Deficiency and Endocrine Disorders;
analysis of six typical cases showing connection between mental and physical defects.

One pedigree chart showing 63 related cases, all charges of State Charities and Associa¬
tions in Rockland and Orange Counties, with photographs of members now at Letchworth
Village.

Eleven photographs of Letchworth Village showing institution buildings and interior.

95. Exhibitor: Prof. S. L. Pressey, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

Exhibits: Sample materials for Mental Measurement.

96. Exhibitor: The Prudential Insurance Company of America, Newark, N. J.

Exhibits: Graphic charts on Morbidity and Mortality Statistics. Several series of

charts have been issued on vital statistics of some of the states and cities of the United
States and of the more important causes of death. The charts graphically illustrate the
progress of disease prevention in the lowering of the death rate from certain causes of
death. The charts are indicative of the work that has been done and can be done in
health matters. The data shown touched upon the health education work from the eugen¬
ics standpoint by bringing out the point that better health conditions are conducive to
better living and well-being.

97. Exhibitor: Race Betterment Foundation, by Dr. J. H. Kellogg, President, Battle
Creek, Mich.

Exhibits: a. Universal Dynamometer. This instrument was devised by Dr. Kellogg
to test the strength of each group of muscles and the aggregate strength of the human body.
It is now in use by the United States Government at its Military and Naval Academies and
in the leading gymnasiums of the country. The method of operation is shown in the
accompanying illustration. The results of the tests are plotted upon graphics, which
show in each case how the individual stands in relation to the average or normal man or
woman. Each point which falls below the line 100 is a weak point; each point which
rises above is a strong point. The exact amount of deviation is also recorded in figures
along the top of this “strength chart.” At the right hand of the chart is space for the
record of the Height-Weight, Strength- Weight and Strength-Height Coefficients. A
comparative study of thousands of tests has disclosed the facts shown in the accompanying
table and illustrates the value of this instrument in a precise study of muscular development
in men and women.

b. A series of charts illustrating the principles of Eugenics, including diagrams on mar¬
riage, fecundity and immigration. (Plate 23, Vol I).

98. Exhibitor: Dr. D. F. Ramos, Havana, Cuba.

Exhibits: One diagram “Homiculture,” illustrating the desirability of care of environ¬
ment and health through the cycle of life.

99. Exhibitor: Red Polled Cattle Club of America, Richland Center, Wis.

Exhibits: Chart and photographs of specimen cattle. Red Polled Cattle are a dual
purpose breed. In the report of the origin and early history, we find that hornless or
polled cattle existed in the county of Suffolk, England, from time immemorial, and early

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EUGENICS

historians report whole herds of red, polled cattle in the county of Norfolk, England. In
the year 1846, these two strains were merged together and the present breed founded.

Historical reports show that red muley cows were brought over from Norfolk and Suffolk
by the early colonial settlers. The first real importation after the breed was thoroughly
established was in 1873. G. F. Tabor of New York made an importation of one bull and
three heifers. From that time on, many importations were made.

Red Polls have always been bred and used as a dual purpose breed, the cows being
profitable producers when used in the dairy and the young stock making an excellent
stock cattle, fattening very readily and producing an excellent butcher’s carcass.

100. Exhibitor: La Reform Medica, Direccion, Apartado 987, Lima, Peru.

Exhibits: Three Copies of La Reform Medica, 3 bulletins on legislation for sanitation in
Peru.

101. Exhibitor: Royal Statistical Society of London, 12 St. James Square, London,
England.

Exhibits: Eighteen copies of the Society’s publications.

102. Exhibitor: Russell Sage Foundation, An organization for research and publication,
130 East 22nd Street, New York, N. Y.

Exhibits: Books: The publications of the Russell Sage Foundation represent original
research and an unbiased interpretation of conditions of life, labor, and education in the
United States, and the utmost care is given to their preparation and publication. Some
of them have been reprinted several times. “Social Diagnosis” is now in its seventh
printing (thirteenth thousand), Goldmark’s “Fatigue and Efficiency” in its sixth printing,
and Gulick and Ayres’ “Medical Inspection of Schools” in its fifth printing. These books
are not issued for profit — few if any even pay for the cost of publication, but are part of
an educational program.

103. Exhibitor: Dr. A. H. Schultz, Research Assistant, Department of Embryology,
Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, Md.

Exhibits: Racial differences in human fetuses. (Plates 35 and 36, Vol. II.)

104. Exhibitor: Mr. Harvey J. Sconce, Farmer and Plant Breeder, Sidell, Ill.

Exhibits: Examples of Segregation in Corn Breeding (Plate 10, Vol. I).

Purple leaf, husk and stalk, with purple pericarp hybridized with white leaf, and peri¬
carp; pod corn with character not pure for pod, and with some of yellow endosperm.

F i generation podded purple, when selfed, brought an array of segregates showing purple
podded and non-podded, white podded and non-podded, with great variations of podding
and purple indicating the recombinations of numerous modifiers.

F2, like Fi podded purple, crossed to Johnson County White to get lighter colors of
purple.

F3 array much like F2 showing some examples of the numerous forms arising in this
experiment, also many variations of purple, pink and crimson leaf and husk colors.
Podding evidently heterozygous in some Johnson County White since non-podded forms
appeared again.

It is quite disease resistant, very early maturity, wind resistant, easy to husk, and
made an average yield of 12 bushels to the acre more than either of the parents, on acreages
of 80 acres. However, the ear is more tapering, and not so cylindrical as the Reid Yellow
Dent, more flinty after the Low Corn, and consequently is not the show ear type, but it
weighs more per bushel as the kernels are more flinty and more disease resistant than the
Reid Yellow Dent.

105. Exhibitor: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 597 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y.

EXHIBITS AND EXHIBITORS

Exhibits: Collection of books. “Is America Safe for Democracy,” McDougal;
“Human Behavior,” Paton; “Rising Tide of Color,” Stoddard; “New Stone Age,” Tyler;
“Passing of the Great Race,” Grant; “Origin and Evolution of Life,” Osborn; “New
World of Islam,” Stoddard; “Direction of Human Evolution,” Conklin; “Civilization —
Its Cause and Cure,” Carpentier.

106. Exhibitor: Society for Promoting Eugenics in New Zealand, Dunedin, New
Zealand.

Exhibits: Reprints of two papers “The Cause for Promoting Eugenics.”

107. Exhibitor: Societa Italiana di Genetica ed Eugenica, Rome, Italy.

Exhibits: Twelve bulletins and an outline of the project for the creation of an Italian
Institution of Hygiene, Prevention, and Social Assistance.

10S. Exhibitor: Dr. Joh. Van Der Spek, Doldersche Weg. 60, Den Dolder, Holland.

Exhibits: Dutch Folk Types. (Plate 28, Vol. II.) (a) Ninety-four photographs of
individuals and groups of individuals portraying occupations, customs and facial types of
different parts of Holland, (b) One copy pamphlet by Dr. P. J. Waardenburg.

109. Exhibitor: Dr. Hazel M. Stanton, Psychologist, Eastman School of Music,
Rochester, N. Y.

Exhibits: The Inheritance of Musical Capacities (Charts) (Plate 6, Vol. I).

Note: The Columbia Graphophone Company of New York loaned a graphophone and a
set of the Seashore Records, which were demonstrated by Dr. Stanton in connection with
her exhibit. These records are used for testing and measuring specific elements of
musical talent in individuals.

110. Exhibitor: State Hospital Commission, Albany, N. Y.

Exhibits: Ten charts. The exhibit consisted of 10 charts (each 26 inches by 44 inches)
giving results of studies and investigations made by Dr. A. J. Rosanoff, clinical director,
Kings Park State Hospital, and Dr. Horatio M. Pollock, statistician and editor, State
Hospital Commission. Data were set forth relative to the following topics:

(A) Psychopathic Heredity.

Chart 1. Similiar Heredity, showing the inheritance of manic-depressive
psychoses.

Chart 2. Dissimilar Heredity, showing a family with epilepsy and manic-
depressive and other psychoses.

Chart 3. Collateral Heredity, showing dementia praecox in two brothers, a
violent temper in a maternal uncle but no mental disorder in
parents or grandparents on either side.

Chart 4. Atavistic Heredity, showing mental disorder reappearing in a family
after skipping a generation.

Chart 5. Inheritance of Neuropathic Constitution, giving a comparison of
actual findings and theoretical expectation according to the Men-
delian Theory.

Chart 6. Alcoholism in Families of Patients with Alcoholic and with Other
Psychoses, showing data derived from the study of 1,288 cases of
alcoholic psychoses and 4,153 cases of other psychoses whose family
history was ascertained.

Chart 7. Family History of Neuropathic Conditions of Patients in Principal
Groups of Psychoses, showing data derived from the study of 13,854
first admissions whose family history was ascertained.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EUGENICS

(B) Increase in Mental Disease.

Chart 8. Increase of Insane in Institutions Compared with Increase of General
Population in United States in 1880-1920, showing that the former
increased 468.3 and the latter, 110.8 per cent.

Chart 9. Rates of First Admissions with Principal Psychoses in Urban and
Rural Districts per 100,000 Population of Same Environment,
showing data based on a study of 33, 039 first admissions.

(D) Prevalence of Dementia Praecox.

Chart 10. Comparison by Sex and Age Groups of Rates of Native and Foreign
Born Dementia Praecox First Admissions per 100,000 of General
Population of Same Sex, Age and Nativity, showing data based on
a study of 9,095 first admissions to the New York State hospitals.

111. Exhibitor: Dr. Lothrop Stoddard, Author, 1768 Beacon Street, Brookline, Mass.

Exhibits: Two books and a series of maps. “The Rising Tide of Color against White

World-Supremacy” is an analysis of the movements toward greater self-consciousness and
self-assertiveness among the non-white races of the world, which began about a generation
ago and which have been much intensified by the Great War and the attendant weakening
of the white races. It also discusses disgenic tendencies in white civilization, especially
low- type immigration.

The maps accompanying the above book (enlargements of which were displayed among
the Exhibits at the Conference) show, in colors, (1) the distribution of the primary races
throughout the world; (2) the Categories of White World-Supremacy; (3) the distribution
of the white races.

“The French Revolution in San Domingo” is a historical monograph describing the
destruction of French colonial rule and white civilization in San Domingo, and the island’s
consequent reversion to African barbarism as shown by the Haiti of the present day.

112. Exhibitor: Prof. Griffith Taylor, Associate Professor of Geography, University of
Sydney, Sydney, Australia.

Exhibits: One wall-diagram dealing with racial variation. Professor Taylor writes: My
research on the climatic and physiographic control of racial migration — supported by
anatomical evidence — leads me to believe that the so-called ‘colored races’ (excluding the
negro and negrito) are not necessarily lower in the biological scale than the Anglo-Saxons.
I have put forward a graphic analysis of race variation, which I call the Lava-Flow analogy.
Here I postulate a central Asiatic ‘focus of variation’, where, owing to the unique climatic
changes, man was most subject to evolutionary development. Hereabouts all the races
of man developed and their migrations were at first determined by the onset of the expand¬
ing ice-fields of northern Eurasia (and later by increasing desiccation). These drove away
the forest belts toward the equator and also the animals (including man) who dwelt
therein. When a mild interglacial period set in, the forests spread poleward again. Some
tribes remained isolated or lost in the equatorial regions and did not evolve, for there was
no stimulus then any more than there is now. Those tribes who returned to the central
Asiatic region were subjected to climatic stimulus of a pronounced type and gradually
evolved into the Hamitic folk. The onset of the next ice age led to their dispersion — but
those who returned to or still remained in central Asia were developed into Iberian and
Semitic peoples in the next long interglacial. So also arose the Aryan races, including
our progenitors. These were dispersed in an irregular zone all around Asia. Science
already recognizes the Aryan affinities of the Polynesian — but I would claim even closer

EXHIBITS AND EXHIBITORS

affinities for the Melanesians of the Solomon Islands and adjacent regions. I also believe
that the Amerinds should be zoned in the same fashion, so that the Arawak and Carib
peoples and many of the Plain Indians of North America belong essentially to the same
zone as ourselves.

Carrying this line of reasoning further, we must conclude that the peoples nearest the
‘focus of variation’ are more lately developed than ourselves. Hence the Mongolian
peoples of central and southeast Asia, and the more brachycephalic peoples of America
belong to higher (i.e., later) zones than ourselves.

The bearing of this hypothesis on the problems of racial status and of half-castes is
obvious. It is not a racial deterioration when an Anglo-Saxon mates with a Mongolian
or with a Polynesian or with most Amerinds. In my opinion race prejudice, rather than
race deterioration, is the factor involved.

The maps and diagrams exhibited were taken from my paper “The Evolution and
Distribution of Race, Culture and Language”, January, 1921, Geographical Review, New
York, pp. 54-119; 27 maps and diagrams.

113. Exhibitor: Dr. W. B. Terhune, Connecticut Society for Mental Hygiene, 39
Church Street, New Haven, Conn.

Exhibits:

(a) One chart — “The Relation of Montana State Government to Social Inadequacy.”

(b) One chart — “The Relation of West Virginia Government to Social Inadequacy.”

(d) Eight charts— Family pedigrees of cacogenic families, inheritance of alcoholism,
feeblemindedness, epilepsy, and insanity, studies from cases at the Connecticut State
Hospital.

(e) One chart showing “The relation of the Connecticut State Government to Social
Inadequacy, 1921.”

(f) Government care and various philanthropic organizations.

114. Exhibitor: Prof. R. J. Terry, Professor of Anatomy, and Mr. Lee D. Cady, Student
of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo.

Exhibits: Comparison of the incidence of the supracondyloid process in groups with
normal and abnormal mentality (21 X-ray pictures). The occurrence of the supracondy¬
loid process in man, a variation of the humerus, has been the subject of investigation by
a number of anatomists since its discovery in 1821 by Tiedemann. It is generally regarded
as the homologue of the bony bar which completes the boundaries of the supracondyloid
(entepicondylar) foramen irregularly distributed but a normal feature of the humerus
in nearly all orders of mammals. Foramina on either or on both medial and lateral
aspects of the distal extremity of the humerus are present in living and fossil reptiles.
Evidence of heredity of the variation in man has been noted by Struthers and recently by
Terry. Several studies of the incidence of the variation in man show differences in results
and the question has been raised (Testut, Nicolas, Ferdinando) as to the possible correla¬
tion of race and also mentality with the frequency of the process in man. The variation
is claimed to be rare among colored races; figures have been given to show a higher incidence
among the insane than in normal people. The pictures shown here are X-ray prints of the
humeri of two groups, normal and insane persons presenting the variation. The normal
group was constituted by 1,000 persons of both sexes taken from the laboring class; the
insane group of an equal number, male and female under restraint in a public sanatorium.
Apparently the physical characters of the variation are the same in both groups. Com-

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EUGENICS

paring only whites, the incidence was found to be slightly greater in the insane (1.2 per cent)
than in the normal (0.88 per cent) and is not regarded as of significance in this investiga¬
tion. A study should be made of the incidence of the variation in a group of mentally
superior people, in order to set at rest the question of its correlation with mentality.

115. Exhibitor: Prof. A. M. Tozzer, Professor of Anthropology, Harvard University,
Cambridge, Mass.

Exhibits: Photographs of Hawaiians and Hawaiian crosses. (Plate 29, Vol. II.) The
photographs were taken by Mrs. C. H. Gurrey, of Honolulu, and are portraits of Hawaiians,
and Hawaiians crossed with Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Tahitian, Spanish, French,
Irish and “American.”

116. Exhibitor: Training School, Vineland, N. J.

Exhibits: Two cloth charts: (a) Social Ratings Scale, Relation to Mental Tests
(Binet and Porteus Scale), (b) Characteristics correlating highest with social fitness
(Porteus social rating scale).

Five framed charts (Plates 12 & 13, Vol. I). (a) Condensed guide, to the Binet tests, a

sample copy of the publication and two blank record folders, (b) Method of head measure¬
ments, showing a radiometer for head height and its application, (c) Nine pictures of the
Training School at Vineland, (d) Sample copy of publication “Porteus Tests.” (e) Four
tables on brain growth in males (cubic capacity and head form).

117. Exhibitor: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Naturalization, Washington,
D. C.

Exhibits: (1) Fifth Year Annual Report describing the educational work of the Bureau.
(2) Naturalization laws and regulations. (3) Naturalization educational record cards.
(4) Facts form for declaration of intention. (5) Facts for petition for naturalization.
(6) Request for Certificate of Arrival. (7) Letter of Invitation sent by Bureau to candi¬
date for citizenship to attend public school citizenship class. (8) Letter of invitation to
wife of candidate for citizenship. (9) Data on English and citizenship classes for fiscal
year, ended June 30, 1921. (10) Data on nationalities represented in citizenship classes,
reported for fiscal year, 1921.

118. Exhibitor: Volta Bureau, 1601 35th Street, N. W., Washington, D. C.

Exhibits: Heredity of Deafness. Eight pedigree charts illustrating the inheritance of

deafness, emphasizing matings where both come from deaf strains.

Original document signed by those present at breaking of ground for Volta Bureau
Building. One genealogical chart. One genealogical record book.

119. Exhibitor: Voluntary Parenthood League, St. Denis Building, 11th Street &
Broadway, New York, N. Y.

Exhibits: Nine charts. This exhibit comprised eight charts giving graphic statistics
showing inferentially one of the chief causes of infant mortality, namely, the too rapid
succession of children in families where conditions are unfavorable, and the unwise
spacing of births; also one chart showing the extent of legislative prohibition of contracep¬
tive information on the effect upon the states of repealing federal prohibition.

120. Exhibitor: Dr. H. E. Walter, Brown University, Providence, R. I.

Exhibits: Set of Mendel Boards and Blocks.

Mendel Board: A device for showing, by means of movable cardboard symbols, the
theoretical combinations in dihybrids.

The four pockets at the top and at the left side are for the cardboard symbols represent¬
ing the male and the female gametes repectively. The sixteen pockets, forming the
enclosed checkerboard, are receptacles for the paired cardboard symbols representing

EXHIBITS AND EXHIBITORS

the possible zygotes formed in a Mendelian dihybrid; cardboard symbols, round and
notched, represent smooth and wrinkled peas, green and yellow for corresponding colors
in seed coats of peas; tall and short for tall and dwarf pea vines, etc. Various other
symbols may be employed for other characters of animals and plants.

By this device may be shown visually the significance of gametes and zygotes, allelo¬
morphs, homozygotes and heterozygotes, dominance, segregation, the independence of
unit characters, the results of back-crossing, etc.

By using two gametes from each parent instead of four, and four pockets within the
checkerboard instead of sixteen, the monohybrid may be demonstrated.

Trihybrid Blocks : A device for visualizing the possible combinations in the F 2 generation
of a trihybrid. There are 64 blocks. Each block is made with its opposite faces alike.
Three arbitrary symbols painted on the blocks that may represent any actual characters as
desired, are squares, circles and triangles. On each face the symbols appear double,
overlapping each other, to represent the zygotes formed from two parental gametes.
When the symbols are solid black, theyjrepresent dominants. The corresponding reces-
sives are drawn in outline.

With one set of symbols turned up — for example the squares — the blocks may be
arranged in four square groups of 16 each, representing the F2 generation of a monohybrid.
One group will be entirely made up of double black squares (pure dominants) ; two groups
will each show the combination of a black square and an outline square (hybrids), and the
fourth group will have double outline squares (recessives) . This is the typical 1:2:1
Mendelian proportion for a monohybrid in the F2 generation.

Each of these four groups of 16 may now be arranged in four rows of 4 each, leaving the
squares up, so that in one direction the circles, and in the other the triangles will like¬
wise read 1:2:1. The four groups of 16 each may now be superimposed to form a cube
containing all the 64 blocks, reading independently in three directions as Mendelian
monohybrids. The blocks may be used to demonstrate, among other things, the Mende¬
lian explanation of blending inheritance by duplicate genes. To do this, each block symbol,
regardless of its shape, may be taken as one of duplicate genes. If now the 64 blocks
which represent the possible progeny in the F2 generation of a Mendelian trihybrid, are
arranged according to the number of black symbols which each shows, disregarding oppo¬
site faces, they fall into the variability curve of 1:6:15:20:15:6:1. The extremes are 0
and six black symbols respectively. The mean, of which there are 20, has three. This
shows that 20 out of 64 in the Mendelian trihybrid are exactly intermediate between the
grand parental extremes and form a blend like their parents of the F j generation, explaining
why hybrids sometimes appear to breed true although Mendelian segregation actually
occurs.

121. Exhibitor: Dr. David F. Weeks, State Village for Epileptics, Skillman, N. J.

Exhibits: Pedigree charts of epileptic families. (Plate 8, Vol. I.) This exhibit con¬
sisted of 17 framed charts, each giving the pedigree of an epileptic family represented by
one or more members in the State Village for Epileptics at Skillman, N. J. These studies
were made by trained field workers under the direction of Dr. Weeks. There were also a
number of charts giving statistical tables showing the analysis of the families charted on the
accompanying family trees and the relation between the incidence of epilepsy and asso¬
ciated factors.

There was also shown a large circular chart, ten feet in diameter, which gave the pedigree
connections of several hundreds of defective individuals in the same family network.
Several members of this family have been patients at the New Jersey State Village
for Epileptics. This study too was made by the field workers of the Village.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EUGENICS

122. Exhibitor: Dr. H. H. Wilder, Professor of Zoology, Smith College, Northampton,
Mass.

Exhibits: Prints of typical palms and soles, photographs showing the technique of
measuring a living subject, and a reconstruction of a face on a skull.

The exhibit embraced three categories:

(1) Prints of palms and soles, with illustrative drawings: (a) Comparative Anatomy
of mammalian chiridia. (b) Methods of formulating palms and soles, (c) Typical
prints, with lines of interpretation, (d) Analyses of separate patterns, (e) Instances
of inheritance of details, (f) Palms and soles of the two types of twins. (Plate 14, Vol. I.)

(2) Photographs showing the technique of measuring a living subject. (Plate 11, Vol. I.)

(3) A reconstruction of a face on a skull, together with the original skull, and diagrams
showing the method used.

The reconstruction of a face on a skull is that first devised by Prof. Wm. His, of
Leipzig, and employed in the identification of a certain skull with that of the musician,
Johann Sebastian Bach. The charts shown are taken from Dr. His’s monograph; the
skull used here is that of New England Indian excavated by the exhibitor in North Had¬
ley, Mass., a Nonotuck Algokin. This was a young man of 25-35 years.

123. Exhibitor: Women’s Bureau, U. S. Department of Labor, Washington, D. C.

Exhibits: Seven charts and one poster: (a) Map of United States showing States

having night work laws for women, (b) Legal working hours for women, daily, (c)
Minimum wage laws for women, (d) Status of women as State Labor Officials, (e)
Legal working hours for women, weekly, (f) Two charts showing sample publications,
(g) One illustrative poster — “America will be as strong as her women,” from a charcoal
drawing.

124. Exhibitor: Dr. F. A. Woods, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Mass.

Exhibits: Photographs of Geneticists and Eugenicists. Charles W. Gould, Herbert S.
Jennings, Charles B. Davenport, F. L. Hoffman, B. F. Beck, L. F. Barker, Helen Dean
King, Irving Fisher, M. M. Metcalf, S. J. Holmes, Mrs. C. C. Rumsey, Dr. John L. Kellogg,
Henry A. Christian, Commissioner P. P. Claxton, Major Leonard Darwin, Dr. and Mrs.
Jon Alfred Mj0en, Dr. Mj0en in his laboratory, also family group and laboratory, Prof.
Ernesto Pestalozza, Sir Auckland Geddes, Raymond Pearl, Lothrop Stoddard, W. F.
Willcox, Harris H. Wilder, Herbert Hoover, David Fairchild, H. Lundborg, Kristine
Bonnevie, Victor Delfino, Lucien March, D. Manuel Gamio, V. Guiffrida Ruggeri,
Dr. N. Wille, Paul Popenoe, Bleecker Van Wagenen, John C. Phillips, A. H. Estabrook,
C. H. Danforth, David Starr Jordan, Henry E. Crampton, Lucien Howe, Clark Wissler,
David F. Weeks, Arthur Hunter, Chester L. Carlisle, A. J. Rosanoff, George D. Strayer,
Thomas W. Salmon, F. Stuart Chapin, G. H. Knibbs, Adolph Meyer, Annie W. Goodrich,
Henry H. Donaldson, H. H. Laughlin.

125. Exhibitor: Mr. Monroe N. Work, Editor of Negro Year Book, Director of Depart¬
ment of Records and Research, Tuskegee Institute, Alabama.

Exhibits: Charts and Maps. (Plate 42, Vol. II.) The exhibit was made up of two series
of charts and maps. The first series was on the “Black and Mulatto Elements in the
Negro Population for the 70-Year Period, 1850-1920” and consisted of two charts and two
maps. Chart (1) showing black and mulatto elements in the Negro population, 1850, 1870,
1890, 1910, 1920 for the United States as a whole and for the South, the North and the West.
Chart (2) showing increased black and mulatto elements Negro population in the United
States by 20-year periods, 1850 to 1910 and for the 10-year period 1910-1920. Map (1)

EXHIBITS AND EXHIBITORS

showing the percentage by states of black element in Negro population 1850. Map (2)
showing the percentage by states of black element in Negro population, 1910. The
significant features of this exhibit on “The Black and Mulatto Elements in the Negro
Population”, were: (1) the increase of the mulatto element and the decrease of the black
element. In the 20-year period, 1850-1870, the increase of the number of mulattoes to
each 1,000 blacks was 168. In the period, 1890-1910, the increase of mulattoes to each
1,000 blacks was 638. For the 70-year period the increase of mulattoes to each 1,000 blacks
was 415. In 1850 the mulatto element constituted 11.2 per cent of the total Negro pop¬
ulation, 1920, 23 per cent; (2) a comparison of the maps for 1850 and for 1910 shows
that the mulatto element in the Negro population was being distributed uniformly
throughout the country and that there was no section of the country where there was a
concentration of either blacks or mulattoes.

The second series of charts and maps was on, “The Migration of the Negro Within the
United States”. Chart (1) showing intersectional migration 1870 to 1920; Chart (2)
showing the gain by the North and the West and the loss of the South by interstate migra¬
tion. Map (1) showing the migration from the South to the North, 1916-1920; Chart (3)
showing interstate migration of Negroes born in the South and living outside their state of
birth in 1910 and 1920. Map (2) showing migration and the movement of the center
of Negro population. The three most striking things brought out in the exhibit on migra¬
tion were : (1) the large percentage of Negroes who had moved from the South to the North;
(2) the greatest movement of the Negroes had been within the South from the North to
the South and West; (3) in the 130 years from 1790-1920 the center of Negro population
had moved over 440 miles southwest from Dinwiddie County, Va., to DeKalb County in
the northeastern part of Alabama.

126. Exhibitor: World Book Company, publishers of school text books and standard
tests of achievement and intelligence, Yonkers-on-Hudson, N. Y.

Exhibits: Books and sets of intelligence tests. The Ritchie series of school books on
health.

Tests of intelligence such as the Otis Group Intelligence Scale, the National Intelligence
Tests, the Haggerty Intelligence Examination, the Terman Group Test of Mental Ability,
the Miller Mental Ability Test.

Tests of achievement such as the Haggerty Reading Examination, various scales and
books on tests listed in the Catalog of Standard Tests.

127-131. Other exhibitors and exhibits.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Ability, inheritance of dramatic and
musical, 33; Plate 40
Albinism, pedigree of, 34
American male, statuette of the average,
31; Plate 5

American Museum of Natural History, 13
Americanization, books on, 40
Americans, Old, Plate 43
Anderson, W. S., 24
Anthropology and Archaeology, 13
Anthropometric apparatus, 49

Babcock, E. B., 25
Baldwin, Bird T., 25
Beck, B. F., 25
Bell, Alexander Graham, 25
Birth rate, 46
Blakeslee, A. F., 25

Brains, photographs of feebleminded and
criminal, 28; Plate 29
Breeding, plant and animal, 23
systems of, 34

Burroughs, John, pedigree of, Plate 39
Butterflies, heredity in, 39
Byrnes, Esther F., 27

Caesars, pedigree of the, Plate 41
Canavan, Myrtelle M., 28
Carlisle, Chester L., 29
Carpal bones, inheritance of, Plate 27
Cataract, pedigree of, 34
“ Catlin Mark, The, ” 39; Plate 26
Cattle, pedigrees and photographs of, 24
Red Polled, 52
Census, Bureau of the, 26
Census and Statistics, Commonwealth
Bureau of, 31
Certificate of award, 15
Chester White Record Association, 30
Child Health Organization, 30
Child Labor Committee, National, 50

Child Welfare Association, National, 50
Children, growth and development of, 25
in industry, 30
Children’s Bureau, 30
Chromosomes of man, 51; Plate 6
Churchill, Edward D., 30
Climate, maps illustrating the relation of,
to health, energy and civilization, 43
Conklin, Edwin G., 31
Corn, 53

color inheritance in, Plate 47
Cotton, Henry A., 31
Cross-over, mechanisms illustrating, 34

Datura, charts dealing with genetics in, 25

Davenport, Charles B., 31

Davenport, Jane, 31

Deafness, heredity of, 57

Death rates, charts dealing with, 24, 26

Delinquency and mentality, Plate 32

Divorce, chart dealing with, 26

Dodd, Mead & Company, 31

Dorset Club, The Continental, 31

Doubleday, Page & Company, 31

Drachsler, Julius, 31

Dramatic and musical talent, Plate 40

Dunlap, Knight, 31

Dutch folk types, 54; Plate 38

Dynamometer, Universal, 52

Eisen, Gustavus A., 31
Endocrine disorders, 52
inheritance of, 37
Epilepsy, 58
heredity in, Plate 31
Estabrook, A. H., 32

Eugenica, Societa Italiana de Genetica
ed, 54

Eugenics, 14

illustrative panels dealing with, 24
Eugenics Education Society, 33

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Eugenics Record Office, 33
exhibits by booths, 33-37
Eugenics Review, 33
Eugenique, Revue, 47
Exceptional Children, National Associa¬
tion for the Study and Education of, 50
Exhibition, opening of, 20
Exhibition Hall, general view of,
frontispiece

floor plan of, opposite page 13
Exhibition space, 18

Exhibitors, geographical distribution of, 16
Exhibits, assembling the, 14
suggestions relative to, 16
return of, 18
classification of, 18
the eighteen booths, 20-23
description of, 23

Eye defects, charts illustrating rules of
inheritance of, 42

Family history in surgical records, the, 30
Fecundity, chart relating to, 40
comparative, Plates 12 and 42
Feeblemindedness (see Mental Defectives)
Fertilization, selective, 44
Fetuses, comparison of White and Negro,
Plate 24

racial differences in human, 53; Plate 25
Fewkes, J. Walter, 37
Fish, Charles F., 37
Forsyth, C. H., 38

Garth, Thomas R., 38
Genetic Association, American, 23
Geneticists, portraits of, 59
Geographical Society, American, 34
Gerould, John H., 39
Goldsmith, W. M., 39
Gould, Charles W., 39
Grant, Madison, 40

“Hair Coloration in Animals, ” 41
Hampshire Swine Record Association,
American, 24

Harcourt, Brace & Company, 40
Hare-lip and Cleft-palate, heredity of,
Plate 28

Harper & Brothers, 40
Harriman, Mrs. E. H., 13
Hart, Hornell, 40
Harvard University Press, 41
Hausman, Leon A., 41
Hawaiians, 57

a century’s change in, Plate 9
miscegenation in, Plate 10
portraits of, Plate 36
Health Council, National, 50
Health, New York State Department of, 51
Heredity, Journal of, 23
Heredity, Mendelian, 34
Holt & Company, Henry, 41
Homiculture, 52
Horses, photographs of, 24
Houghton, Mifflin & Company, 41
Howe, Lucien, 42
Ilrdlicka, Ales, 42
Human behavior, 51
Human stock, classification of, Plate 4
Huntington, Ellsworth, 43

Illustrations, list of, 9
Immigrant types, oil paintings of, 45
Immigration and native stocks, Plates 20,
20-a, 42

Immigration from different countries,
Plate 21

Infant mortality, 30; Plate 13
Indian Affairs, Commissioner of, 30
Indian Eugenics Society, 44
Indian population of the United States,
charts showing, 30
Indiana Board of State Charities, 44
Indians, photographs of North Ameri¬
can, 37

Insanity, inheritance of, 54
among Whites and Negroes, Plate 33
Intelligence tests, 31, 46, 49, 57, 60;
Plates 17 and 18.

Inter-marriage in New York City, charts
showing, 31 ; Plate 1 1
Ishmaels, charts dealing with the, 32
Tribe of, Plate 43

Iso-agglutinins, inheritance of, 35; Plate 23
Jersey Cattle Club, American, 24

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Jones, Donald F., 44

Jukes, charts dealing with the, 32; Plate 44

Karakul Sheep Company, American, 24
Key, Wilhelmine, 44
Knight, Charles R., 13
Knox, Susan Ricker, 45
Koenig, Margaret W., 45

Laughlin, Harry H., 13
Letchworth Village, 52
Lethal factors, 46
Lippincott Company, J. B., 46
Little, C. C., 46

Local infections and mental disorders,
drawings and models showing relation
between, 31

Longevity of offspring, stereograms relat¬
ing to, 25

heredity of, Plate 14
in the United States, charts relating to
the Trend of, 38
Lotka, J. A., 46

Man, variation, heredity and rever¬
sion in, 42
March, Lucien, 47

Marriages in the United States, chart, 26
Martin, Mrs. John, 47
Martin, Mrs. Ruth Moxcey, 47
Maternal and infant mortality, charts and
publications on, 30

Mayflower descendants, approaching ex¬
tinction of, 37; Plate 8
Medica, La Reform, 53
“Mendel Board,” 57
Mental defectives, 44, 52, 56
Mental Defectives, New York State Com¬
mission for, 50; Plate 34
Mental hygiene, 56.
survey in, 29

Mental Hygiene, National Committee
for, 50

Mental measurements (see Intelligence
tests)

Mentally Defective, Central Association for
the Care of the, 30

Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 48

Mice, 46

Migration and distribution of races, maps
dealing with, 40

Milk Goat Record Association, Ameri¬
can, 24

Mortality, racial, 48
statistics, 52

Mosby Company, C. V., 48
Mucors, charts dealing with sex in, 25
Music, Eastman School of, 54
Musical capacities, inheritance of, 54;

Plates 19 and 40
Myers, Garry C., 49

Nams, charts dealing with the, 32; Plate 45
Narragansett Machine Company, 49
Nations, forecasting the growth of, Plate 7
Naturalization, Bureau of, 57
Negro population, 59
fluctuation of, Plate 22
Nelson, N. C., 14

New Harmony Movement, charts dealing
with the, 32

New York State Hospital Commission, 54
New Zealand, Society for Promoting
Eugenics in, 54

Olson, Harry, 51

Osborn Biological Laboratory, 51

Painter, Theophilus S., 51

Palms and soles, prints of, 59; Plate 16

Patellani, Serafmo, 51

Paton, Stewart, 51

Patten, William, 51

Pearl, Raymond, 37, 51

Physical traits, measurement of, Plate 15

Population, maps, 24; charts, 26, 27

Porter, James P., 52

Portraits, photogravures of sculptured, 31
Portraiture, composite, 27 ; Plate 35
Potter, H. W., 52

Prenatal and infant care, posters, 30
Pressey, S. L., 52

Prudential Insurance Company of
America, 52

Psychology, Department of Educational, 31
Psychology, Journal of Applied, 44, 52

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Psychopathic Laboratory, Municipal
Court of Chicago, 51
Pure-Sire system, 34

Race assimilation, 34
Race Betterment Foundation, 52
Racial differences in mental fatigue,
curves showing, 38; Plate 30
Racial history, 55

Racial traits in American population, 36
Rambouillet Sheep Breeders’ Association,
American, 24
Ramos, D. F., 52
Red Cross, American, 24
Rufer family, 45

Sage Foundation, Russell, 53
Schultz, A. H., 53
Sconce, Harvey J., 53
Scribner’s Sons, Charles, 53
Seashore records, 54
Sheep, photographs of, 25, 31
Short Horn Breeders’ Association, Amer¬
ican, 24

Social diagnosis, 53

Social Hygiene Association, American, 24
Social Hygiene, Bureau of, 27
Special exhibition, 14
Stanton, Hazel M., 54
Statistical Association, American, 24
Statistical Society of London, Royal, 53

Statistique Generale de la France, 47
Statistics, Vital, County of London, 51
Sterilization in the United States, Eugen-
ical, Plate 46
Stoddard, Lothrop, 55
Sullivan, Louis R., 14

Swiss folk types, photographs of, 25;
Plate 37.

Talent, 47

Talented families, 35
Taylor, Griffith, 55
Terhune, W. B., 56
Terry, R. J., 56
Tozzer, A. M., 57
Tuberculosis, 45

Van Der Spek, Joh., 54
Vineland Training School, 57
Volta Bureau, 57

Walter, H. E., 57
Weeks, David F., 58
Wilder, H. H., 59
Winnebago Indians, 45
Wissler, Clark, 14
Women’s Bureau, 59
Woodbury, Conn., 47
Woods, F. A., 59
Work, Monroe N., 59
World Book Company, 60

FIGURES 4 to 47

Fig. 4. Eugenical Classification of the Human Stock

Exhibited by the Eugenics Record Office

LEUGEN1C A.L-
LV HIT FROM
STERLING IN¬
HERITANCE.
The families
which product
the socially
valuable 9/10
of humanity
among civil¬
ized people.

iStFtCAjJLON OF TH^ HUMAN ST QC

u,00tr&

tecjty hlllion.<»0.oqO.OOiO;OO^f) person®.

GENIAL END ePODUcfs~ANP THEIR ReT^TiVf. FREQUENCE

a .......... ........ .. r* . .

ivciunvce m me total popvlat.os or civ.uzeo nat.ons APPPOxmATELv-
' nsNEeauLV saniplYt in such covu-Lex o^uTiEs and akts as-

L<AWQI V US 0 . * M-OStfSiALFRUB THB (IRFaTV

e L P. AD E StM iarlemaone; wasminoton^

a MORAL PURPQSB-C.g.. LUTHER,’ LINCOLN. -

4, WARFARE- eg.- HaNXIBaLi BUST A VU A ADOLPHUS.

5. F«lLv>AVRttV-e.55.-A(f»STOtBi,BACO!S%

0. R lit 1010 N-t.^T CO MPtfC! lf S{ SAVONAROLA. f

7 education- e sp* pbstalozzi.* Horace man’n.

0. ORATORY- C. Jf.*ClCfiROi we&STER.

9 MATMEMATtCS-e.g.-EUCUD; LEIBNITZ. _S1W

to. SOiENCfi-e g-NEWTONf DARWIN

11. MEDICINE - *--4fcr IttPROCRAT ES; PASTEUR

12. I flVBN ©. jj. - OUT eN BE RQs BELL-

10. BM01N8fiRfN0-E.J{>-ARCHI*tfiD6St HERRESttOPF.

14. ARCHlTECtURC-Cfc-lCTlNUSi MICHAEL ANuELO.

15. SCULPTC«n.«:*.-PniDA»; RODIN. ^

10. PAIN I INO- a. g. • RAP HAT. L: REMBRANDT.

12 MUSIC- R.j£-WAONfsRt J^NNV LIN O.

1& POETRY -eg- DANTE: dOLTHE t

ia OBAMA- H A ICE SPEAR E-

ga HisTORY.-eg.-PLUrA«cn» oibbon.

21. P1CTION-C 2-WUOO. DICKENS.

22. POLITlCS-C.g..PLATOj HAMILTON.

20V STATt-C&AlrT-e g.-RICHELHBU; E L I Z ABET It-

24. DISCOVERY-ag-'RARCO POLO; COLUMBUS.

25. BWSINE3s-E.g.-CECIL RHODES. ROTHSCMILO

26. PHYSIC AL PROWESS. ©£ -PHIlUPPlDESi »AN£)OW.

Btd ETCi ETC-

U. PERSONS OF SPECIAL SKILL. INTELLIGENCE. COURAGE UNSELf-

ISHNESS. ENTERPRISE. OR STRENGTH

INCIDENCE IK THE TOTAL POPULATION POSSIBLE
THB NATURAL AND ACKNOWLEDOE LEADERS IN

taooo.

LINES

human endeavor.

THJ *H»HtY'S WHO-PB»PLE.

IIL PERSONS CONSTITUTING THE GREAT NORMAL MIDDLE CLA£S-

■ THE PEOPLE".

INCIDENCE IN THE TOTAL POPULATION PROBABLY OHO.

(THB FRACTIONS 1*8,000.000 AND i;fl|000 ARE PRACTICALLY NEQLIOIBLB IN SO
ROUOH A CALCULATION).

'l SOCIALLY INADEQUATE PERSONS.

INCIDENCE OF FREQUENCY OP SUCH PERSONS TOOBTHER WITH
PRODUCES THB*. IN THE TOTAL POPULATION PROBABLY 1“

1. FEEBLEMINDED

STOCK THAT

PAUPEROUS
INE8RI ATE
CRIMINALISTIC
EPILEPTIC

INSANE
ASTHENIC
DIATHETIC
dbbormhd
CACAESTHENIC

II. E U0EN1CAL-
LY UNFIT
FROM DEFEC
TIVE INHER¬
ITANCE.

The cacogen-|
ic (amities
which pro¬
duce the
socially inad¬
equate 1/iQ
of humanity
among civil¬
ized people.

THE TASK OF EUGENICS:- # . Ui .

<S> To encourage. fit ‘and lertil matings among those persons most richly endo;

bv nature* and
(h) to uevise practicable means

f natural meagre or defective Inheritance.

for cutting ©ff-ytbe inheritance line

Fig. 5. The Average American Male

Statuette of man having the average proportions of 100,000 white soldiers at demobili¬
zation as determined by the United States War Department. By Jane Davenport

Fig. 6. The Chromosomes of Man

This chart gives the essential results of a study on human spermatogenesis, made by
Professor Theophilus S. Painter, Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin,
Texas. Figures 1 and 2 show that there are 48 chromosomes (24 pairs) in the germ cells
(spermatogonia) of a white man, this number including the body labeled “Y.” The
negro (figs. 3 and 4) shows the same number of chromosomes and the presence of
the Y-chromosome. In figures 5 and 6 the chromosomes of the white man and the
negro are compared. They are alike in general form and in number. Figure 7 shows the
“reduced” chromosome number of man to be 24. Figure 8 shows the sex-chromosomes
of man which are of the X-Y type. When such a cell divides, the X-chromosome goes to
one pole and the Y-chromosome to the other. This is shown in figure 9, taken from a white
man, and in figure 10 which is from negro material. As a result of this, one-half of the
sperm will carry an X-chromosome, and one-half will carry a Y-chromosome. Sex deter¬
mination in man then is simply a matter of which sort of sperm fertilizes the egg. If the
sperm carries an X-chromosome, then the resulting offspring is a female, but if the sperm
carries a Y-chromosome, a son will result.

THE CHROMOSOMES OF MAN

WHii*

JUOHCU»Jir90>}Mt»)39#v>)«Hf(mHlmtH

NEGFv

Fig. 7. Forecasting the Growth of Nations

Theoretical curves of growth of various nations and a colony of fruit flies.
Dr. Raymond Pearl

Fig. 8. Approaching Extinction of “Mayflower” Descendants

The declining birth rate and its consequences. (1) Approaching extinction of May¬
flower Descendants. (2) Declining birth rate among Mayflower Descendants.

(3) Varying fecundity of the Brewster family. Eugenics Record Office.

APPROACHING EXTINCTION OP MAYFLOWER DESCENDANTS

If THIS DECREASED FECUNDITY CDNTIKUES FOB ANOTHER THREE HUNDRED YEARS .
ALL SURVIVIN6 DESCENDANTS MIGHT « RUT BACK AGAIN IN THE HATFLDWER *ITH«JT

Fig. 9. A Century of Change in Hawaii’s Population

By Louis R. Sullivan

?/ec c<? osa uouvindOd ivioj.

Fig. 10. Miscegenation in Hawaii

Analysis of 14,569 unselected marriages in the Hawaiian Islands. Percentages of
grooms marrying brides of the same and different national descent. Louis R. Sullivan

AnAlYSI5 0N4569UnmtCTtD MAKIAGESin TflE HAWAIIAH ISLANDS DUEinG THE YEARS 1913 TO 1917 mGLU3lVC
PERCENTAGES Of GROOMS MACPTIHG BRIDES OETttE SAM LAND DIEEERENT NATIOilwi. uESCENT

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Fic. 11. Intermarriage of Nationalities in New York City

Proportion of marriages among men and women in New York City who belong to differ¬
ent nationalities. Exhibit by Julius Drachsler, Smith College

CHART N

Proportion of Intermarriage among Men and tybmtnc&dnd&GeKrauxo
of Various Nationalities in New York City(i90&-i9ia)

Not: Inures for Jems and Negroes include third generation also

Timber d ] Nu*b«r Y [lfcaber7

foOJiuna^Bj

.451

2646

4a,

1666

.621 37768

235

aoi

371

93|

6641

.99)

14032

139

108'

4784

utT

65199

763

144 '

138

224

4862

109

347!

4031 14

400?

lOOi 4

426|

1429

4 631

151

7 1

5.16!

3486

180 j

558'

13140

734 j

5.fl3|

84lr

49l 1

6 54

676: 2381!?1615

I a 5S

1 96;

>[ 7331 63

t 166 1 16

I 13 15

! 228

1 ' 5 r’'

[ HOC

1 1682

5 197 j 705
' 3597, 507
' 2330, 390

1 850f 143 *

[ 20 2?

[ 1896

3041

2159

2168

18547
| 12724

4005

3759'

[2214

560

124

2441

1061

259

2515 1451

365

3104

2100

652

3311

[_3334

311

14979

103

4994

39 14

700

274

3986

4742

49.56

153

563

1455

r 61
267

721

5305j

933 ! 495 *

55.98

5944

5963

1322| 740
143f 85
218]' 130

5971

988 ] 590

59 79

1557 1931

62 58

294 164 1

62 70
66 32

3614

686

2266

455

73 73
7560

164

124

7985

705'

563

8200'

selves in an ascending scale. Cf the most „ Vanous "ationalrtiea range then

Italians CTwST? ^ *■» Sfeta
Northen,, Htth-Western and wmc ^ and *

Fig. 12. Increase in Population in the United States Compared_with European

Countries

Bureau of the Census

MILLIONS OF INHABITANTS

1SOO 1S1Q 1820 1830 1840 I860 I860 1870 1880 1880 1800 1810 1820

1810 1820 1830 1840 1350 1820 1370 1030 18S0 1900 1910 If

'INCLUDES ALSACE LORAINE
'EXCLUDES ALSACE LORAINE

MILLIONS OF INHABITANTS

Fig. 13. Infant Mortality in United States by Nationality of Mother

Infant mortality in registration area of United States by country of birth of mother;
also by total registration area and total negro population. From Bureau of the Census.

INFANT MORTALITY INFANT MORTALITY

BY COUNTRY Of BIRTH OF MOTHER BY COUNTRY OF BIRTH OF MOTHER

IN THE RE0I8TRATI0N AREA-1813 IN THE REGISTRATION AREA -1918

Fig. 14. Heredity of Longevity

Stereograms showing relation between age of father at death, age of mother at death,
and longevity of offspring.

U pper series, left to right:

-20. Persons who died under twenty years. “The stereogram relates to 417 persons
who died under twenty years of age. The figures show the percentage having fathers and
mothers who died at ages specified. 8.9 per cent had parents who lived to be over eighty
years of age.”

20-40. Persons who died twenty to forty years of age. "The stereogram relates to
354 persons who died twenty to forty years of age. The figures show the percentage
having fathers and mothers, who died at the ages specified. 4.8 per cent had parents who
lived to be over eighty years of age.”

40-60. “The stereogram relates to 351 persons who died forty to sixty years of age.
The figures show the percentage having fathers and mothers who died at the ages speci¬
fied. 8.1 per cent had parents who lived to be over eighty years of age.”

Lower series:

60-80. “The stereogram relates to 333 persons who died sixty to eighty years of age.
The figures show the percentage having fathers and mothers who died at ages specified,
18.0 per cent had parents who lived to be over eighty years of age. ”

80-100. “The stereogram relates to 138 persons who died eighty to one hundred years
of age. The figures show the percentage having fathers and mothers who died at the ages
specified. 27.5 per cent had parents who lived to be over eighty years of age. ”

Alexander Graham Bell.

— - -

Six Stcucmanw Afimzl m Mi ulcAiwvfbxXmai
Aqc cfSkitficu) at Deal ft, . (ye vfJIl\tfuuxit.Oeat/i
and Irtnawitu, x>f OffjpiLng.

&XM$tttd (nj &lcx*uidtp Quiluuii $c(i

Fig. 15. Measurement of Physical Traits

Methods of taking measurements, illustrated on a subject. Reading from left to
right and from above down:

1. Vertex height. 2. Tragion. 3. Acromion. 4. Radiale. 5. Sty lion. 6. Dactylion.
7. Suprasternale. 8. Tibiale. 9. Internal malleolus. 10. Anterior ilio-spinale. 11.
Symphysion. 12. Cervicale. 13. Bicristal breadth. 14. Bitrochaner breadth. 15.
Iliospinal breadth. 16. Chest breadth. 17. Antero-posterior chest diameter. 18. Sitting
vertex height. 19. Sitting suprasternal height. 20. Head length. 21. Head breadth.
22. Tracing skull contours. 23. Measurement over a bathing suit.

Instruments made by Hermann, Zurich.

Pictures by Professor H. H. Wilder, Smith College.

At right, a scale for measuring stature in English and metric systems.

Iowa Child Welfare Research Station.

Fig. 16. Palm and Sole Prints and Their Inheritance

Left, above. Various sole prints of European-Americans.

Left, middle. Palm prints of mother and two sons. Diversity in one family.

Left, below. Father and son, the latter a complete duplicate of the former.

Four larger charts on right are prints “interpreted,” i.e., covered with lines indicative
of the individual conditions. These are of duplicate or “identical” twins, — that is,
twins that have arisen from a single egg. The general character but not the minutiae
are the same in both members of a set.

By Prof. H. H. Wilder, Smith College.

Fig. 17. Measurement of Physical and Mental Traits

Condensed guide to the Binet tests. Method of head measurement.
From the Vineland (New Jersey) Training School

• 92

METHOD OF

Fig. 18. Measurement of Mental Traits

Mental tests used at Vineland.

Training School at Vineland, New Jersey.

Fig. 19. Heredity of Musical Ability

These charts, prepared by Dr. Hazel M. Stanton, Eastman School of Music, Rochester,
N. Y., are representative of the results obtained in an investigation in the inheritance of
specific musical capacities, which covered six family groups, in which one member of
each group was known to be conspicuously talented in music. This investigation, initiated
in the year 1920, is the beginning of the first research in heredity of talent based on quanti¬
tative measurements. Four of the Seashore Measures of Musical Talent, the sense of
pitch, the sense of intensity, the senses of time and tonal memory were given individually
to members of each family. These measurements were supplemented by qualitative
information regarding individual case histories and musical experiences, the latter including
musical environment during youth, musical training and education, musical activity,
musical interests, and musical memory and imagination.

On each pedigree talent chart one mating and offspring are presented showing the results
obtained in the musical measurements, also the ratings assigned for muscial experiences.
The results of each of the four measurements are expressed graphically in terms of per¬
centile rank ranging from 0 to 100. A rank of 98 to 100 is very superior, 90 to 97 is
superior, 70 to 89 is excellent, 40 to 59 is average, 10 to 29 is poor. The sense of pitch is
shown in the upper horizontal section of each individual chart, the sense of intensity in
the second section, the sense of time in the third section, tonal memory in the lower
section. The ratings of musical experiences are stated in terms of the letter A, high
rating, the letter C, middle rating, and the letter E, low rating. At the side of each chart
a brief description is given of the musical expression evinced by each individual charted.

Fig. 20. Growth of United States Population by Immigration and by Increase in

Native Stock

Begin to read at the right hand, bottom. The maps show the gradual filling up of the
country. The circles indicate relative increase in native population. To the same scale
are drawn boat-shaped figures giving the relative total immigration and immigration from
each country during the decade. Eugenics Record Office.

GROWTH OF U S. POPULATION BY
IMMIGRATION AND INCREASE IN
NATIVE STOCK.

Fig. 20a. — (An Extension of Fig. 20)

100

TmHA|6RAT!0N

101

Fig. 21. Immigration into the United States from Different Countries

. From Report of the Commissioner of Immigration

102

RUSSIA

103

Fig. 22. Fluctuation in Distribution of Counties in the United States with at
Least 50 per cent Negro, 1860-1920

From Tuskegee Institute. Monroe N. Work

104

105

Fig. 23. Inheritance of Specific Iso-agglutinins in the Human Blood

The blood serum of certain persons will cause the red blood corpuscles of certain others
to stick together (agglutinate) in clumps. Four human blood groups are recognized (I-IV) .
Their properties are described in the lower right hand chart.

Prepared by Dr. F. L. Reichert, Johns Hopkins University.

106

Inheritance or Specific Iso agglutinins
in Human Blooo.

SR EC OF INHERITANCE OF SPECIFIC ISO ASSLUTININ8
HUMAN BLOOO

0 ®

IS i

□ O

107

Fig. 24. Comparison of White and Negro Fetuses

An exhibit prepared by Dr. A. H. Schultz of the Department of Embryology, Carnegie
Institution of Washington, deals with racial differences during prenatal development of
man. It is based upon researches on 455 white and 168 negro fetuses ranging in age from
the ninth to the fortieth week of intrauterine life. Fourteen plaster casts of white and
negro specimens and ten large tables illustrate the chief points of difference in fetuses of
the two races and in which periods of development they are most distinct. Of these
differences the following may be enumerated :

The average of the upper arm-forearm index for every week of fetal life is larger in the
negro than in the white, showing that the forearm in relation to the upper arm is longer
in negro fetuses. In an analogous way the leg in relation to the thigh was found to be
longer in negro fetuses, a difference which becomes more pronounced with advancing
development. The hand as well as the foot is slightly shorter and broader in white
fetuses. In the latter, fingers II and IV are of equal length in the great percentage of
cases and frequently finger II is even longer than finger IV; while in the negro the relation
in length between these two fingers is more often in favor of finger IV and the latter is
never shorter than finger II. The length of the thumb in relation to the total hand
length is shorter in the negro, a difference which is constant and rather marked throughout
intrauterine development. The first toe is the longest in a greater percentage of white
than of negro fetuses, while the second toe is longest in a greater percentage in the negro.
In the latter race the heel is more prominent than in the white. The trunk shows no racial
differences. Of the head, the brain part is proportionately smaller and the face part
larger, particularly in height, in negro fetuses. The nose is relatively shorter and broader
in negro fetuses in all stages of development, causing a very marked difference in the nasal
index of the two races. During the later part of pregnancy the nostrils are directed
transversely in the negro and sagittallv in the white. The lips are much thicker in negro
fetuses.

108

109

nr? i-rty:

Fig. 25. Difference Between White and Negro Fetuses

110

Ill

i WHICH TOE 15 LONGEST IN THE VARIOUS MONTHS Of PREGNANCY. EXPRESSED M PERCENTAGES Of CASES I TABLE SHOWW6 RELATION IN LENGTH BETWEEN F1NSERS HiSflNTHE VARIOUS MONTHS Of PRE6NANCY, EXPRESSES

Fig. 26. The Catlin Mark

Inheritance of an unusual opening in the parietal bones. By Dr. William M.
Goldsmith, Professor of Biology, Southwestern College, Winfield, Kansas.

112

113

UWMlGMIOm f*\AD£ BY 1$ W h. M. QOLDSMITH, pROf.

Fig. 27. Inheritance of Order of Succession in Development of the Carpal Bones

Charts showing, for children of each of three families, the order of succession of develop¬
ment of the carpal bones, of the wrist. The X-ray photographs were furnished by Dr.
Prior of Lexington, Ky. The outline diagrams show the order of development of the bones
in each individual. Eugenics Record Office.

115

Fig. 28. Heredity of Harelip and Cleft palate

Pedigree charts.

Upper: Three families showing harelip inherited without cleft palate.

Lower: Three families showing harelip and cleft palate, often both defects in one
individual. Eugenics Record Office.

!i,®n

UTAH FAMILY.

° 6 A' i. 6 ov£ i ■ 6' £ £ A" £ tf* "5* 6" t‘ £’ i“ i* di" £

i' fTtm,-

! NEW YORK FAMILY.

h-6‘ 5’ 64

Wt-H £ £ £ £

£Ty&l\£T££"

HEW JERSEY FAMILY.

o— | — a

d i £ £ £

HARE UR ARC CLEFT RALATE.

O— T - O MINNESOTA FAMILY.

D- — r . HI

if «k if if 6’ 6' i’ k | k k 6” 6" b's i“

nun •••••

■ ml [ o1 tf- n *0 OHIO FAM

£ g— .■ & A* — | — <£' £ro' £ ■ o' i- □" 6"

£ tfTd *:Td;

PENNSYLVANIA FAMILY.

. ■ *• «' T^TTSli-^m-

117

.lift.

Fig. 29. The Brains of Criminals

Photographs of criminal brains, showing great variety of forms. Part of exhibit of
Massachusetts Department of Mental Diseases, by Dr. Myrtelle M. Canavan.

118

MASSACHUSETTS

DEPARTMENT

CRIMINAL

576. ALCOHOLIC VAGRANT.
BRAIN NARROW. SIMPLE,
WT. 1550.

MOTHER DIED INSANE.
CANAOIAN.

590. SEX PERVERT. VAGRANT.
BRAIN BROAD SHORT ANOMALOUS.
WT. 1400.

GOITER.

PARENTS UNKNOWN.
AMERICAN.

MENTAL DISEASES
EXHIBITS
PICTURES OF 50
CRIMINAL BRAINS
42

NORMAL j NORMAL

954. RAPE.

brain long, uneven.

WT. 1230.

PARENTS UNKNOWN.
AMERICAN.

SMML

585. ALCOHOLIC VAGRANT.
BRAIN LONG. SIMPLE.
WT. 1230.

PARENTS UNKNOWN.
CANADIAN.

553. VAGRANT.

BRAIN LOW SQUARE ENDED SIMPIE
WT. 1370.

PARENTS AND SIBLINGS NORMAL
IRISH.

CRIMIN

788. PARETIC VAGRANT.
BRAIN LONG NARROW UNEQU
ATROPHIC. WT 120
PARENTS UNKNOWN.
ITALIAN.

119

Fig. 30. Racial Differences in Mental Fatigue

Charts showing comparative mental fatigue in Indian, White and Negro children.
Shown by Dr. Thos. R. Garth

RACIAL DIFFERENCES
IN' MENTAL EfflG-UE-

,<o ^ p ^ <*q
P^hT-Cr
C X Z > ?5

Him

<^o 2: j*h p ^

pr;.o<^
p^§ £ g

§£^3’£r

r** S2? ti-i ^

>.£00,0

V0o( <o 2T
y pu e* e? p a

v~~

£ 8. 2
f-< <o to to £J

£ *o O *o ^0

3s§o

w 5 p* a ,_,

«-Oa^,v.

„ j W C?

* W <f |-«

>5 A - rJ

idee -4

e~%o .

121

Fig. 31. Heredity in Epilepsy

Six charts illustrating inheritance of epilepsy. In all charts: A, alcoholic; E, epileptic;
F, feebleminded; 7, insane; Ne, neurotic; S, syphilitic; Sx, sex offender; W, nomadic;
squares, males; circles, females. Black symbols, defective individuals.

Dr. David F. Weeks, Skillman (New Jersey) Village for Epileptics.

122

Kpllepi lc

0»tt£P5T PEEBLL-

,5£yu*i iVMOWAir

SEVEN EPILEPTICS

iCCUDANT PRO* ALCOhDLfCS OT THE PERJQOIC

*ISU*'

^ BAD BAD

tcwer temper

LLP 1 L V, P S Y

IN 4 GENERATIONS

EPILEPSY

L>- Q

a - < _a -o ■

■ • f.- c r- b

»~J o * ’••'■■ d

;■ 6 a 4 .* s ;*!«&* - a a t a a ®

I o ® .•. a a

a a 6 £ a a * a

0 -0

SYPHILIS AND E jtm

!A T' O

•sjsp V X

• •

0 6 4> 6 ft &

{o o'jani) . Jl

r?5?ir531jW<4:

* 664

D a ~ 6 Q U fc. "i

,;W - KJ .

_ r, _

EPILEPSY ANn FFFRI FM|N^pcc

*f° • ■oi

y\ "l '4^

* -

/ 7 *» V x

i fJo. ns* j sp* 1

V FAINT. SPELL*

123

Fig. 32. Mentality and Delinquency

Relation of illegitimacy to parental mentality and infant mortality, also of delinquency
to mentality. Children’s Bureau, U. S. Department of Labor.

2SE2.

125

Fig. 33. Increase in United States of Whites and Negroes, Both in Total and
Insane Population. Also Growth of Urban Population

Three diagrams : (1) The percentage increase in the total white population and in the
white and negro population, separately, 1790-1920. (2) Proportion of population insane

in hospitals, for Northern and Southern States and for whites and negroes separately.
(3) Growth of urban population of the United States. Bureau of the Census

126

PER CENT OF INCREASE

TOTAL POPULATION

POPULATION OF THE UNITED STAT
AND THE PROPORTION IN CITIES

crrzx m

IIM

mm I I3BBBBP

moo

use

It 40 i

1030

mm!

itio l ;

MOO I

CITIES WITH 30.000 OH NOOE POPUIATIM
- 0.000 TO 30.000

POOUIATIOII OOTSIOI CITIES

INSANE IN HOSPITALS

127

Fig. 34. New York State Commission for Mental Defectives, and Its
Extra-Institutional Care

*ytt*es css? n* cum
*vmsc cm ms csss

ftt»*M8C SO* ABMISSKIK

SeCSKMCSSSTiSSS

! CAMU COST Of M8TII9THHU
: CAPITA COST Of S0MWISI8*

MEW YORK STATE COMMISSION FOR MENTAL DEFECTIVES
EXTRA-INSTITUTIONAL CARE *

ESTIMATED NUMBER OF DEFECTIVES IN STATE
CAPACITY. OF STATE INSTITUTIONS FOR DEFECTIVES

45 000
5000

CLINICS JULY IS20- JULY I sl 1921

WORK OF FIELD AGENTS

DISTRIBUTION OF CLINICS

FORMS USED

iUiEuiuKisjtai-' 5ISn,Ul DclEdivE*
Lilmlurf' Di;inbuhon

129

Fig. 35. Composite Portraiture

Composite photographs largely made by the late Henry P. Bowditch of Boston.

First row: Left upper: 60 Wellesley College students. Left lower: Class of ’87,
Vassar College. 12 Wends and composite. 12 Portland (Me.) physicians and com¬
posite. 12 Saxons and composite.

Second row: College men from Harvard, Amherst, 449 components. Co-composite,
Harvard Annex, Smith, etc., 287 components. Harvard Class of 1887, 156 members. 12
Plorse-car drivers. General paresis, 8 components (5 men and 3 women), 11 Mathema¬
ticians. Amherst Class of 1887, 71 components. Williams College, 57 components. 16
Naturalists.

Third row: Women’s Medical College, 1887, 38 components. Component three
members of Bowditch family. 12 Boston Doctors and composite. Mt. Holyoke class
of 1887, 47 components. Harvard Annex, 1887, 47 components. Smith, 1887, 38 com¬
ponents.

Fourth row: Horse-car conductors, 12 components. Sheffield Scientific School, Class
of 1887. Cornell, 1887, 65 men, 5 women. 30 Members of the National Academy of
Science. Melancholia, 8 components. Harvard Faculty, 1887, 38 components.

Bottom row: Upper left: 12 Portland doctors and composite. Lower left: 12 Horse-car
drivers, Boston ’88, 12 Saxons and composite, 12 Wends and composite, 12 Saxons and
composite.

130

1*1

ill!

131

Fig. 36. Hawaiian, and Hawaiian Hybrids

1. Pure Hawaiian.

2. Father French, mother Hawaiian.

3. Father Portuguese, mother Hawaiian.

4. Father Chinese, mother Hawaiian.

5. Father Chinese, mother Hawaiian.

6. Father Irish, mother Hawaiian.

7. Father Filipino, mother Hawaiian

8. Father Filipino, mother Hawaiian.

9. Father American-Tahitian, mother Hawaiian.

The photographs were taken by Mrs. C. H. Gurrey of Honolulu. Exhibited by Prof.
A. M. Tozzer, Harvard University.

132

133

Fig. 37. Swiss Folk Types
Exhibited by Prof. B. F. Beck, Geneva, Switzerland

134

135

Fig. 38. Dltch Folk Types
Exhibited by Jon Von Der Spek, Den Dolder, Holland

136

3,37

Fig. 39. Pedigree of John Burroughs

Family history chart, with three portraits and a life mask, of John Burroughs.!* Also
portraits of brothers, sisters, parents and other close relatives. At the right, two photo¬
graphs of Burroughs; one of them, his last, taken a few days^before his death.

By Harry H. Laughlin, Eugenics Record Office.

138

139

Fig. 40. Pedigrees of Dramatic and Musical Talent

(1) Dramatic ability — Kemble family. (2) Musical talent — Bach family.
Prepared by the Eugenics Education Society, London, England.

140

• BX8!HPTIUNRL ABILITY

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To* V

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141

Fig. 41. Pedigree of the Caesars
roni the Exhibit of the Eugenics Education Society, London, England

142

PEDIGREE OF the CAESARS.

— o

143

Vll.A.i Nero Caesar

Fig. 42. Marriage and Birth Rate in Relation to Immigration

Marriage, fecundity and immigration and their significance for the nation.
Charts furnished by the Race Betterment Foundation.

145

Fig. 43. The Old Americans and the Tribe of Ishmael

Upper: Physical proportions and physiological characteristics of females as compared
with males, among the old Americans. Top line of figures gives the rates of female to
male dimension. From Dr. A. Hrdlidka, U. S. National Museum.

Lower: The tribe of Ishmael , by Dr. A. H. Estabrook.

146

147

Fig. 44. The Jcjkes

The Juke charts compare the family as known to Dugdalein 1875 and again to A. H. Esta-
brook in 1915, forty years later. Dugdale, 1875, while inspecting the county jails of New
York State, discovered this family of, criminals, prostitutes and paupers, studied their
family history and gathered data concerning seven hundred persons descended from
“Margaret, called the Mother of Criminals.” In 1915 Estabrook studied the same family
of people to ascertain the changes in social and mental status which had taken place in the
intervening forty years. The charts show the two sets of data, one of course inclusive of
the other, comparing the family at the different periods and showing that the Jukes are
still a serious burden to the coummunity. A few Jukes have risen from the mire and are
now socially adequate persons. Pictures of various members of the family and their
living conditions are shown. By A. H. Estabrook.

148

14?

Fig. 45. The Nams

The Nams are a set of feeble-minded folk living in the northern part of New York
state. They are characterized by illegitimacy, prostitution, consanguinity and feeble¬
mindedness. They number about two thousand persons, practically none of whom has
become socially adequate. The majority of the family is still reproducing its own kind of
dysgenic folk. The charts show pictures of the folk and their homes and general habitat.
A. H. Estabrook, Eugenics Record Office.

150

151

Fic. 46. Eugenical Sterilization in the United States

Exhibited by H. Laughlin

15.1

Fig. 47. Color Inheritance in Corn

Purple stalk and leaves; kernels of various colors, also tan stalk, leaves and kernels.
Seven ears of seven colors of pericarp, ranging from deep purple, crimson, pink, tan, brown,
yellow and white, all with the royal purple husk, showing constant husk color with varied
colored kernels.

Corn bred and exhibited by Harvey J. Sconce, Plant Breeder, Sidell, Illinois.

155

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